BULL. 30] 



ORK U A — ORN A MENT 



149 



the sky. In the mythical region of the 

 sun's abode the house wherein he dwelt 

 was oriented, so that the sun itself faced a 

 mysterious E., whent-e came to it potency 

 from the all-pervading power. From the 

 t-ustoms of the people, from their myths 

 and rituals as well as from their language, 

 it is learned that the e. not only stood for 

 the gift of physical light but symbolized 

 the region whence men received supernat- 

 ural help and guidance (Matthews, Na- 

 vaho Legends; C. Mindeleff in 17th Rep. 

 B. A. E. ; Fletcher in 22d Rep. B. A. E. ). 

 As the point where the sun appeared on 

 the E. horizon shifted with the seasons, 

 some of the tribes set up marks to assist 

 in observing the time of the winter or 

 the summer solstice, when important rites 

 took place and orientation was closely 

 observed (see Fewkes in 15th Rep. B. 

 A. E. ) . In ceremonial piocessions, either 

 when entering or when within the lodge, 

 kiva, or the field to be consecrated, the 

 start was usually from a point facing the 

 E., and the movement was from left to 

 right. This ' ' ceremonial succession ' ' has 

 been traced by Gushing (Am. Anthrop., 

 V, 1893) as resulting in part from "hand 

 usage in left and right finger counting." 

 Among peoples where the orientation of 

 dwellings, etc., was not oljserved, as on 

 the N. Pacific coast and in mountainous 

 and forest regions, traces of orientation 

 are found in some of their ceremonies. 

 Where the custom was closely observed, 

 consciousness of the e. seemed to have 

 been deeply seated in the native mind, 

 and they ol:)served an abstract orientation 

 when not outwardly practising it. For 

 instance, the Omaha tribal circle was com- 

 posed of lOgentes, 5 occupying the half n. 

 of the eastern opening and 5 the southern 

 half. When camping on the annual tribal 

 hunt, the opening was in the direction 

 they were going, which might be w. of 

 their camping site, in which case the circle 

 would be as if it had turned on a hinge 

 at the western part, and the 5 gentes of the 

 northern half would still be on the n. and 

 in the same order as if the opening were 

 at the E., and the 5 gentes at the s. would 

 preserve their old relative position. The 

 orientation of the tribal circle was thus at 

 all times preserved, although the camp 

 might not actually be so placed upon the 

 prairie. See Cross. 



For further information, consult 

 Mooney in 15th and 17th Reps. B. A. E. ; 

 J. O. Dorsey in 3d and 15th Reps, B. A. E; 

 DuBois in Am. Anthrop., ix, no. 1, 178, 

 1907; Fletcher in Pubs. Peabody Museum; 

 Hawkins, Sketch (1799), 75, 1848; Hewett 

 in Am. Anthrop., vi, no. 5, 1904; Lewis in 

 Mem. Internal. Cong. Anthrop., 1894; 

 McGee in 19th Rep. B. A. E. ; :\Iatthews in 

 Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vi; Mindeleff 

 in 8th Rep. B. A. E. ; Mooney in Mem. Am. 



Anthrop. Ass'n, i, no. 6, 1907; Speck, 

 ibid., II, no. 2, 1907, and the writings of 

 Fewkes in the Reports of the Bureau of 

 American Ethnology and the American 

 Anthropologist. (a. c. f. ) 



Orkua. A settlement of East Greenland 

 Eskimo, now deserted. — Meddelelser om 

 GriJnland, xxv, 23, 1902. 



Orlova (Russian: 'Orlof's'). A Kaniag- 

 miut Eskimo settlement at Eagle harbor, 

 Ugak bay, Kodiak id., Alaska; pop. 147 

 in 1880, 77 in 1890. 



Eagle harbor.— 11th Census, Alaska, 76, 1893. Or- 

 lova— Coast Surv. map, 1898. St. Orloff.— Coast 

 Surv. maps. 



Ormejea. The name of two former 

 Pima villages in s. Arizona; pop. of one 

 in 1858, 212; of the other, 643.— Bailey 

 in Ind. Aff. Rep., 208, 1858. Cf. Hermho, 

 Ilormiguero. 



Ornament. In treating of the decorati ve 

 art of the tribes of northern North America 

 it may be briefly stated at the outset that 

 the earliest manifestations of the phe- 

 nomena of embellishment were probably 

 of instinctive kinds in which design, as 

 we understand it, had no part. These 

 manifestations consisted rather in the 

 assembling of attractive objects for the 

 pleasure they gave, the attachment of 

 such oljjects to the person, or the addi- 

 tion of colors to the skin, the motives be- 

 ing to please the savage fancy, to attract 

 the attention of others, or to simulate 

 animals by imitating their markings. 

 These forms of esthetic activity were sup- 

 plemented in time by the application 

 of embellishments to the dress, when 

 that came into use, and to all kinds of 

 possessions having close relations with 

 the person or wliich were otherwise inti- 

 mately associated with the lifeand thought 

 of the people. Among the tribes the per- 

 son was subject to varied decorative treat- 

 ment. The skin was tattooed, colors 

 were applied in various ways, and orna- 

 mental objects were attached in every 

 possible manner. Feathers and other 

 articles were added to the hair; pins, 

 plugs, and pendants to the ears; labrets 

 to the lips; and encircling bands to the 

 waists, arms, and legs. The costume was 

 elaborated • for decorative effect and the 

 headdress especially became a marvel 

 of gaudy display, well illustrated in the 

 so-called war bonnet of the Plains tribes 

 and the still more highly developed head- 

 dresses shown in the paintings and sculp- 

 tures of the middle Americans (see Adorn- 

 ment). But it is the embellishment of 

 things made and used that calls for jiar- 

 ticular attention in this place, and in this 

 field the American aborigines, and more 

 especially the semicivilized peoples of 

 middle America, were hardly excelled by 

 any other known people of corresponding 

 culture grade. Nothing with which they 

 had to deal was left without some kind 



