192 



PAKHPUINIHKASHINA PALAIHNIHAN 



[b. a. e. 



Grande near Reynosa, at a place called 

 La Volsa. They were sometimes called 

 Tompacuas by the Comecrudo, which is 

 or was the name of a rancheria in 

 Hidalgo CO., Texas, 20 m. n. of the Rio 

 Grande. (c. t. ) 



Estok pakawaile.— Gatschet, Comecrudo MS., 

 B. A. E. (own name). Newasol pakawai. — Ibid. 

 (Comecrudo name). Pacahuches.— Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Apr. 17, 1863. Pacaos.— Rivera, Diario, 

 leg. 2602, 1736. Pachao.— Doc. of 1738 in Archivo 

 Gen., cited by H. E. Bolton, inf n, 1906. Pacho- 

 ches.— Orozco v Berra.Geofr., 308, 1864. Pacoas.— 

 Garcia, Manual, title, 1760. Pacos.— Orozco y 

 Berra, Geog., 304. 1864. Pacuaches.— Garcia. Man- 

 ual, title, 1760. Pacuas.— Orozco y Berra, Geog., 

 303, 1864. Paguachis.— Ibid., 304. Paikawa.— Gat- 

 schet.Karankawa Indians, 38, 1891. Paikawan.— 

 Ibid. Pakawa.— Buschmann (1859) quoted by 

 Gatschet, ibid., 33. Pintos.— 18th century ISIS, 

 quoted bv Orozco y Berra, Geog., 294, 1864. Tom- 

 pacuas.— Gatschet, MS., B. A. E., 1886 (Come-, 

 crudoname.) 



Pakhpuinihkasliina. A society of the 

 Osage, q. V. 



jaqpii' i'niqk'aci"'a.— Dorsev in 1.5th Rep. B. A. E., 

 235, 1897. 



Pakhtha ('beaver,' probably archaic). 

 An Iowa gens, now extinct, having joined 

 the Patha gens of the Oto ( Dorsey, Tci- 

 were MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1879). Its 

 subgentes were Rawekhanye, Rathroche, 

 Raweyine, and Niwanshike. 



Beaver."— Morgan, Anc. Soc, 156, 1877. Pa-kuh'- 

 tha.— Ibid. Pa'-qpa.— Dorsey in 15th Rep. B. A. E. , 

 239, 1897. 



Paki. A former Maidu village on Mud 

 cr., or near Cusa lagoon, n. of Chico, 

 Butte CO., Cal. (r. b. d.) 



Paiki.— Curtin, MS. vocab. , B. A. E. , 1885. Pake.— 

 Dixon in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xvii, pi. 38, 

 1905. 



Pakwa. The Frog clan of the Patki or 

 Cloud phratry of the Hopi. 

 Pa-kua.— Bourke, Snake Dance, 117, 1884. Pakwa 

 •winwu.— Fewkes in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 583, 1900 

 {winu'u = c\an). Pa'-kwa wiin-wu. — Fewkes in 

 Am. Anthrop., vii, 402,1894. 



Pala ('water'). A Luisefio village w. 

 of San Luis Rey, San Diego co. , Cal. Lat- 

 terly the name wa.s applied to a reserva- 

 tion of 160 acres of allotted arable land, 

 under Mission Tule River agency. By 

 court decision in 1901 the Indians of 

 Warner's ranch were dispossessed of their 

 lands, and by act of Congress of May 27, 

 1902, Pala res. was enlarged by purchase 

 to 3,598 acres, and the Warner ranch 

 people removed thereto in 1903. In the 

 latter year the Tule River agency was 

 divided into the Pala and San Jacinto 

 agencies. In 1865 the pop. of Pala was 

 162; in 1902, 76; in 1903, after its enlarge- 

 ment, 258; in 1906, 138. See Ind. Aff. 

 Rep., 12-1, 1865; 175, 1902; 146, 1903; 205, 

 1906; Hayes MS. (pioted by Bancroft, Nat. 

 Races, i, 460, 1886; Jackson and Kinney, 

 Rep. Mission Inds., 29, 1883. CL Paliu. 



Palacheho [Pluihtcheho). A former 

 Chickasaw town in N. Mississippi, forming 

 part of a large settlement of 5 towns. — 

 Adair, Am. Ind., 353, 1775. 



Palaihnihan (Klamath: from p'lnihii, 

 'mountaineers'). Formerly recognized 



as a linguistic family in n. e. California, 

 but probably to be regarded, as the re- 

 sult of recent studies by Dixon (Am. 

 Anthrop., vii, 213, 1905), as only a 

 branch of the Shastan ( " Shasta-Acho- 

 mawi") family. Their habitat em- 

 braced the drainage area of Pit r. above 

 Montgomery cr. except Goose Lake val- 

 ley, of which only the s. end was in their 

 territory. Linguistically the group falls 

 into two rather sharply contrasted and 

 numerically unequal divisions, the Acho- 

 mawi and the Atsugewi. The tril)al and 

 minor divisions recognized were the Acho- 

 mawi, Astakiwi, Atsugewi, Atuami, Chu- 

 mawi, Hantiwi, Humawhi, Ilmawi, and 

 Puisu. Physically there were considera- 

 ble differences between these tribes. The 

 Astakiwi and Humawhi have been de- 

 scribed by Powers as "most miserable, 

 squalid, peak-faced, mendicant, and men- 

 dacious wretches." Their faces were skin- 

 ny, foreheads low and retreating, bodies 

 lank, and abdomens protuberant. The 

 Atuami were much superior in physique. 

 All the tribes were indifferent hunters. 

 They trapped game by digging pitfalls 

 with fire-hardened sticks and covered 

 them with brush, grass, and earth. These 

 pits were so numerous tliey gave its name 

 to Pit r., after which these Indians have 

 generally been called. The Humawhi 

 and Astakiwi, having no acorns or salmon, 

 as most other California tribes, were hard 

 pressed for a food supply. Game birds 

 were abundant, but they captured and 

 killed few. Grasshoppers, crickets, trout 

 and suckers, camas, clover blossoms, 

 and ])earberries formed their chief diet. 

 The Achomawi of Fall r. subsisted largely 

 on salmon. Among the Palaihnihan 

 woman is said to have held a servile and 

 degraded position; whether maiden or 

 widow she was owned by her father or 

 brother, to be sold, with her children, if 

 any, at his pleasure. Marriage was a 

 matter of liargain and sale, and polygamy 

 was common. A woman was seldom 

 held responsible for adultery, but if a 

 wife deserted her husband and refused to 

 return to him he was allowed to take her 

 life. However, a husband had no con- 

 trol over his wife's personal property, 

 which at her death was claimed Ijy her 

 relatives. In case of the birth of twins, 

 one wasalmostalwaysdestroyed. Crema- 

 tion was generally practised in cases where 

 persons died of unknown diseases ; 

 in all other cases the dead were buried 

 in a sitting posture; the Ilmawi however 

 never burned their dead. The Palaih- 

 nihan Indians dwelt chiefly in bark and 

 brush houses of an irregularly quadran- 

 gular form, shnilar to those of the Shasta, 

 or in semisubterranean dwellings like 

 sweat-houses. During the summer these 

 dwellings were abandoned and the people 



