luLL. no] 



PENGNOK PENNAOOOK 



225 



Vancouver id. The Lilmalche and Tsus- 

 sie are perhaps parts of the same. Pop. 

 of the Penelakut proper, 181 in 1902, 145 

 in 1906. 



Pa-nel-a kut.— Can. Ind. Aff., 308, 1879. Penala- 

 huts. — Ibiil., lix, 1877. Pena'leqat. — Boas, MS., B. 



A. E., 18,s7. Penalikutson.— Maviie, Brit. Col., 165, 

 1S61. Penduhuts.— Brit. Col., map, Ind. Aff., Vic- 

 toria, 1872. Penelakut.— Can. Ind. Aff., 104, 1901. 



Fengnok. An Utkiavinmiut Eskimo 

 village near C. Smythe, Alaska. — 11th 

 Census, Alaska, 162, 1893. 



Penikikonau ( ' tish hawk ' ) . A sub- 

 phratry or gens of the Eagle phratry of 

 the Menominee. — Hoffman in 14th Rep. 



B. A. E., 42, 1896. 



Peninsular Shellmound. One of the 5 

 principal shell deposits of Damariscotta r.. 

 Me. , situated on a broad peninsula formed 

 by a bend in the river about 1 m. n. of 

 Newcastle. The mound extends along the 

 w. bank for about 400 ft, and consists al- 

 most wholly of closely-packed oyster 

 shells in an irregular mass varying from a 

 few inches in thickness at the northern 

 end to a height of about 22 ft near its south- 

 ern extremity. The shells are exposed 

 throughout its length on the river side, 

 and a considerable portion of the mouiKl 

 has been undermined and washed away 

 by the water. The mound is covered by 

 a den.«e growth of pine and spruce. Large 

 quantities of shell have been carried away 

 for road making and other purposes, and 

 many tons have been burned in the kiln 

 which stands near its southern end. The 

 mound has never been systematically ex- 

 plored, and but few artifacts have been 

 found during the superficial examinations 

 that have been made. Its structure and 

 general contents are apparently the 

 same as in the Whaleback mound (q. v. ) 

 on the opposite side of the river. 



Consult Wyman in 2d Rep. Peabody 

 Mus., 1869; Berry inN. E. Mag., xix, 1898- 

 99. (c. c. w.) 



Penjeacu. Mentioned as a pueblo of 

 the province of Atripuy, in the region of 

 the lower Rio Grande, New Mexico, in 

 1598.— Ofiate (1598) in Doc. Ined., xvi, 

 115, 1871. 



Penna [PeiV-nCi, 'turkey'). A gens of 

 the Potawatomi. — Morgan, Anc. Soc, 

 167, 1877. 



Pennacook (cognate with Abnaki p("??a- 

 hik, or pena>'kuk, 'at the bottom of the 

 hill or highland.' — Gerard). A confed- 

 eracy of Algonquian tribes that occu- 

 pied the basin of Merrimac r. and the 

 adjacent region in New Hampshire, n. e. 

 Massachusetts, and the extreme s. part 

 of Maine. They had an intermediate 

 position between the southern New p]ng- 

 land tribes, with whom the p]nglish were 

 most directly interested, and the Abnaki 

 and others farther n., who were under 

 French influence. Their alliances were 

 generally with the northern tribes, and 



3456— Bull. 30, pt. 2—07 15 



later with the French. It has been sup- 

 posed that they were an offshoot of the 

 southern tribes, as they spoke suljstan- 

 tially the same language as the Mas.sa- 

 chusetts and Rhode Island Indians, and 

 are generally classe<l with the Mahican. 

 We know the confederacy only as con- 

 stituted under the influence and control 

 of Passaconaway, who probably brought 

 into it elements from various tribes of the 

 same general stock. The tribes directly 

 composing the confederacy were: Aga- 

 wam, Wamesit, Nashua, Souhegan, Amos- 

 keag, Pennacook proper, and Winnipe- 

 saukee. The first three of these were in 

 Massachusetts, the others in New Hamp- 

 shire. The Accominta of Maine and the 

 Naumkeag of Essex co., Mass., were 

 merged in larger tribes and disappeared at 

 an early period. Besides these, the fol- 

 lowing tribes were more or less connected 

 with the confederacy and usually consid- 

 ered a part of it: Wachuset, Coosuc, 

 Squamscot, Winnecowet, Piscataqua, and 

 Newichawanoc. Some writers also in- 

 clude the Ossipee, Sokoki, Pequawket, 

 and Arosaguntacook, but these four tril)es 

 had their closest relations with the Abnaki 

 group. The Arosaguntacook were cer- 

 tainly connected with the Abnaki confed- 

 eracy. Pentucket village also belonged to 

 the Pennacook confederacy, although the 

 Indians there do not seem to have been 

 designated as a distinct tribe. The Penna- 

 cook- were reduced by smallpox and other 

 causes to about 2,500 in 1630, and in 1674 

 had decreased to about 1,250. On the 

 outbreak of King Philip's war the next 

 year the Nashua and Wachuset joined the 

 hostile tribes, but the greater part of the 

 Pennacook, under the chief Wannalancet, 

 kept on friendly terms with the whites 

 until the treacherous seizure of about 

 200 of their number by Waldron in 1676. 

 They then abandoned their country, the 

 greater part with their chief removing 

 to Canada, while a considerable number 

 fled westward. The latter were pursued 

 by the English and overtaken at Housa- 

 tonic r., and a number of them killed. 

 The survivors escaped to the Mahican of 

 the Hudson, and were afterward settled 

 at Scaticook, Rensselaer co. , N. Y. Those 

 who had removed to Canada were first 

 settled near Quebec, but being afterward 

 joined by some of their relatives from 

 Scaticook, they were given, in 1685, a 

 tract at Cote de Lauzun, whence they re- 

 moved in 1700 to St Francis, where they 

 met the Abnaki, who were also exiles 

 from New England. The St Francis In- 

 dians soon became noted as the bitterest 

 foes of the English colonies, and so con- 

 tinued until the fall of the French power 

 in America. Their descendants still re- 

 side at the same place. Soon after their 

 settlement at St Francis thev endeavored 



