258 



PIPES 



[b. a. e. 



essee; Limestoni 



rials. Many pipes have figures delicately 

 engraved on their surfaces; others have 

 elaborately carved or modeled human 



and other 

 figures on 

 or forming 

 the bowl or 

 the stem. A 

 striking 

 character- 

 is t i c of 

 pipes is 

 that fig- 

 ures on stems or bowls from a given area 

 commonly face in one direction. Some 

 pipes are diminu- 

 tive, weighing 

 scarcely an ounce ; 

 others weigh sev- 

 eral pounds. 

 Pipes of great size 

 have been found, 

 suggesting use on special occasions, as to 

 seal a treaty or other important agree- 

 ment. In every 

 c m m u n i t y 

 there were ar- 

 tisans who pos- 

 sessed special 

 skill in pipe 

 making, and 

 there were 

 sources of sup- 

 ply the owner- 

 ship of which 

 was recognized 

 The material most com- 

 monly used for pipes was soapstone, 



TENNESSEE; CHLORIl 

 7,N.) 



Kentucky; Steatite. 



and respected. 



SIOUX CALUMET; CATLINITE 



though many other stones, many of them 



incapable of resisting great heat, were 

 also employed, 

 even for the most 

 elaborate speci- 

 mens. The ca- 

 pacity of the pipe 

 bowl varied in 

 different localities 

 and at different 

 periods; some 



would hold but a thimbleful of tobacco, 



others would contain an ounce or more. 



The most diminutive 



pipes now used are those 



of the Alaskan Eskimo. 



Those of the greatest 



capacity are the flat- 

 bottomed monitor pipes, 



found along the Atlantic 



coast and inland to Ohio and Tennessee. 



Among many Indian tribes the pipe was 



held in great veneration. Some pipes 

 were guarded by a specially appointed 

 oflicial and were kept in fur with the 

 greatest care in specially designated tents, 

 or contained in a case made for the pur- 

 pose. The palladium (q. v.) of the Ara- 

 paho is a flat stone pipe which has been 

 seen by only 

 one white man 

 (Mooney (1) in 

 14th Rep. B. A. 

 E.,961, 1896, (2) 

 in Mem. Am. 

 Anthrop. Ass'n, 

 I, no. 6, 1907; 

 Scott in Am. An- 

 throp., IX, no. 3, 1907). Certain of their 

 dance pipes are also flat, i. e. the stem 

 and the bowl are in the same plane. 



The word "calumet" (q. v.) was early 

 employed as the name of a dance. Mar- 

 quette referred to the calumet in 

 1675, not only in the latter sense, 

 but also as a pipe. Father Biard, 

 in 1616, and Father Hennepin, 

 in 1679, applied the term to the 

 pipe, in which sense it is still 

 employed. Various early writ- 

 ers refer to a calumet of peace 

 and one of w^ar, the former being 

 white, the latter red. Lafitau 

 (Moeursdes Ameriquains, ii, 327, 1721) re- 

 fers to the calumet as a true altar where 

 sacrifice was made to the sun; he also 

 speaks of the calumet of peace. The 

 bowl of the calumet pipe of the Sioux 

 is at a right 

 angle to the 

 stem, and 

 has a solid 

 projection 

 ex tending 

 in front of 

 the bowl. 

 In the older 

 specimens 



NEW York; Stalagmite, (length, 4 in.) 



of this type high polish and carved 

 figures are unusual; with modern ex- 

 amples, however, high polish is com- 

 mon and the stems are often elaborately 

 carved. In compara- 

 tively recent time in- 

 laying became usual, 

 geometrical or animal 

 figures being cut in 

 the stone into which 

 thin strips of lead were 

 inlaid. 



Pipestems are 

 straight, curved, or 

 twisted; round or flat; long or short. 

 Elaborate ornaments for the stems have 

 been said to be made by the women with 

 beads, porcupine quills, feathers, hair, 

 etc., but it is probable that they were put 

 on by the men. The design of the pipe 



GEORGIA; STEATITE 

 (length, 5 IN.) 



