BULL. 30] 



PIPES 



259 



was characteristic of the tribe using it 

 and was readily recognized by friends or 

 enemies. George Catlin, after whom pipe- 

 stone was named (see Cat Unite), truth- 

 fully says that the stems of pipes were 

 carved in many ingenious forms, quite 

 staggering the unenlightened to guess how 

 they were bored until the process was ex- 

 plained. The simplest way was to split a 

 suitable piece of wood lengthwise, remove 

 the heart, and glue the two parts together 

 again. One of the most elaborately 

 modeled of all the varieties of American 

 pottef y pipes is that found in the region 

 formerly occu- 

 pied by the Iro- 

 quois. The pot- 

 tery was usually 

 burned hard and 

 the bowls elabo- 

 rately ornament- 

 ed with figures 

 of birds and ani- 

 mals. In one 

 specimen both 

 bowl and stem 

 are covered with 

 a number of hu- 

 man faces; an- 

 other is in form of the head and neck of a 

 bird, probably a pigeon, the beak project- 

 ing above the bowl on the side farthest 

 from the smoker, the bowl being formed 

 of the bird's head and the stem repre- 

 senting the neck. Another graceful speci- 

 men is in the form of a snake. Stone 

 pipes also were found in this region, in- 

 cluding those of marble of a rich saffron 

 color. North of the Iroquois area, ex- 

 tending from Labrador to the Rocky mts. , 

 there is found a pipe of uniform pattern, 

 the bowl of which, having the form of an 

 acorn, rests on a keel-like base which has 



ARKANSAS; QUARTZIT 

 7,N.) 



(length, 



WEST VIRGINIA; STEATITE. (length, 6 IN.) 



one to five holes bored through its nar- 

 rowest part, one of which was designed for 

 holding a string attached to the stem to 

 prevent it from being lost in the snow, the 

 others for the suspension of ornaments. 

 The Alaskan Eskimo pipe is of peculiar 

 shape and apparently owes its origin to 

 Asiatic infiuence. The bowl, made of 

 metal, stone, bone, or ivory, holds but a 

 pinch of tobacco, while the large curved 

 stem often consists of two pieces of wood 

 held together by rawhide. Some of these 

 pipes have small plates set in their stems 

 which can be opened for the purpose of 



Ohio; Stone; Length, 3^ 

 (sQuiER AND Davis) 



cleaning or to collect the liquid in order 

 to mix it with fresh tobacco. Some Es- 

 kimo pipes are made from walrus or fossil 

 ivory, and are elaborately engraved with 

 fishing and hunting scenes. Pipes of 

 this character are now made for sale, as is 

 the case with very elaborately carved 

 specimens made by the Haida and Tlin- 

 git. Among the many American pipes 

 none is more remarkable than those 

 belonging to the biconical type, found in 

 Canada and along the Mississippi. Some 

 of these are perfectly plain, others are 

 elaborately carved in imitation of men 

 and animals. The term "biconical" has 

 been employed for the reason that both 

 bowl and stem perforations are of cone 

 shape, the smaller end of the cones meet- 

 ing at approximately the center of the 

 specimens, at a right angle to each other. 

 The most artistically finished of all 

 American pipes are those of the mound 

 type, of which 

 Squier and Davis 

 (Ancient Monu- 

 ments, 152, 1848) 

 found more than 

 200 in a single 

 mound in Ohio. 

 These pipes ap- 

 parently were 

 smoked without 

 stems, although they showno marks of the 

 teeth. The stems as a rule are not orna- 

 mented, though the bowls are carved 

 with great skill in imitation of birds, 

 frogs, turtles, beaver, men, etc. 



Another typical and delicately fash- 

 ioned stone pipe is found in the middle 

 Atlantic states; it has a flat base, the 

 bowl being generally but not always at a 

 right angle to the stem. The bowl, which 

 is large in comparison with other pipes 

 from this section, is rarely ornamented 

 but is usually highly polished. 



The tomahawk or hatchet pipe is made 

 of metal; it is provided with an eye to 

 receive a handle, and a sharp blade for 

 use in cutting wood or as an offensive 

 weapon. The poll of the hatchet, shaped 

 like an acorn, is hollow and has a hole 

 in the base, connecting with an opening 

 extending through the helve, through 

 which the 

 smoke was 

 drawn. Many 

 of these pipes 

 were inlaid 

 with silver in 

 ornamental de- 

 sign. These 

 tomahawk or 

 hatchet pipes 

 largely displaced the stone pipe and the 

 stone ax, relieving the natives of much 

 weight while traveling. Who first made 



Ohio; Stone; Length, 3a in. 

 (squier and Davis) 



