260 



PIPESTONE PIQUA 



[b. a. e. 



use of the metal tomahawk it is im- 

 possible to say; but from the shape of 

 the blade it is probable that the crescent 

 form was of Spanish origin, the blade 

 resembling the lily was of French deri- 

 vation, while the 

 simple hatchet 

 was English, for 

 each of these na- 

 tions armed their 

 Indian allies with 

 these most effect- 

 ive weapons. 

 There are unique types of pipes found 

 in various parts of the country, particu- 

 larly in Georgia and the Caroliuas, some 

 of which appear to have followed copper 

 originals and some to have been in- 

 fluenced by Euro- 

 pean models. In 

 Maryland shell- 

 heaps there has been 

 found a type of pipe, 

 to which it is difficult 

 to assign a date, re- 

 sembling the trade 

 pipes that were made 

 in large quantities 

 in England, France, 

 Italy, Holland, and 

 Germany to supply 

 the demand during 

 the early colonial 

 period, many of the 

 latter being distin- 

 guishable by designs or initials 

 Smof:i7ig, Tobacco. 



Consult McGuire, Pipes and Smoking 

 Customs, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, and 

 authorities therein cited; Abbott,. (1) 

 Prim. Indus., 

 1881; (2) in 

 Surv. W. 100th 

 Merid., vii, 

 1879; Beau- 

 champ in Bull. 

 N.Y. State Mus., 

 IV, no. 18, 1897; 

 Berlin in Proc. 

 and Coll. Wyo. 

 Hist, and Geol. Soc, ix, 1906; Dorsey 

 and Voth in Field Columb. Mus. Pub., 

 Anthrop., iii, no. 1, 1901; Morgan, League 

 of the Iroquois, 1904; Palmer in Bull. 2, 



WEST Virginia; Metal; Work 

 OF Whites, (length, Sin.) 



See 



GEORGIA; Clav; Length, 

 (moore) 



NORTH CAROLINA; STEATITE. (length, 11 IN.) 



S. W. Soc. Archajol. Inst. Am., 1905; 

 Scott in Am. Anthrop., ix, no. 3, 1907; 

 Smith in Am. Anthrop., viii, no. 1, 1906; 

 Squier and Davis in Smithson. Cont., i, 

 1848; Archseol. Reps. Ontario, app. to Rep. 

 Minister of Education; Thruston, Antiq. 

 of Tenn., 1897; West, Aborig. Pipes Wis., 

 1905. (j. D. M.) 



Pipestone. See Catlinite. 



Pipiaca. A Maricopa rancheria on the 

 Rio Gila, Arizona, in 1744. — Sedelmair 

 .(1744) cited by Bancroft, Ariz, and N. 

 Mex., 366, 1889. 



Pipsissewa. A popular name for Chima- 

 phiki umheUata, first mentioned by Dr 

 B. S. Barton, in his Collections towards 

 a Materia Medica of the United States 

 (1798), and since variously corrupted to 

 pkipsessiwa, psiseva, jyipsisseway, etc. The 

 plant once enjoyed a great reputation as 

 a lithontriptic among some of the Wood 

 Cree, who raised it to the dignity of an 

 animate object and spoke of as pipisisi- 

 kiveu, ' it reduces it (stone in the bladder) 

 to very fine particles.' Pipsissewa beer 

 is a decoction of ChhnaphUa, with the ad- 

 dition of sugar to sweeten it, ginger to fia- 

 vor it, and yeast to produce fermentation. 

 This drink has been used in scrofulous 

 affections. (w. e. g.) 



Piqosha. The Hide Carrying-strap clan 

 of the Hopi. 



Hide Strap clan. — Voth, Traditions of the Hopi, 

 22, 190.5. Piqb'sha.— Ibid., 37. 



Piqua (contr. of Bi-co-we-tha, of indefi- 

 nite meaning, but referring to ashes). 

 One of the five principal divisions of the 

 Shawnee. Their villages at different peri- 

 ods were Pequea, in Pennsylvania; Lick 

 Town, on Scioto r. in Pickaway co., Ohio; 

 Piqua, on Mad r., and Piqua, on Miami r., 

 Ohio. On being driven from the last 

 place by the Kentuckians they removed 

 to Wapakoneta and St Marys r. ( J. m. ) 

 Bi-co-we-tha.— W. H. Shawnee iii Gulf States Hist. 

 Mag., I, 415, 1903. Paquea.— Schoolcraft, Ind. 

 Tribes, i, 90, 1851. Pecawa.— Drake, Ind. Chron., 

 1S9, 1836. Pecuwesi. — Heckewelder quoted by 

 Brinton, Lenajie Leg., 30, 1SS5. Pekoweu. — Hecke- 

 welder, ibid. Pekuegi. — Gatschet, Sl^awnee MS., 

 B. A. E., 1879 (Shawnee name, plural form). Pe- 

 quea.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, i, pi. 27, 1851. 

 Pickawa.— Marshall, Ky., I, 109, 1824. Pickaway.— 

 Harmar (1790) in Am. St. Papers, Ind. Aff., I, 105, 

 1.S32. Pickawee.— Harris, Tour., Ill, 111, 1805. 

 Pickawes. — Barton, New Views, xxxii, 1798. Pico- 

 ■weu. — Heckewelder quoted by Brinton, Lenape 

 Leg., 30, 1885. Picque.— La Tour, Map, 1784. 

 Pikoweu.— Johnston (1819) quoted by Brinton, 

 Lenape Leg., 30, 1885. 



Piqua. The name of two or more former 

 Shawnee villages in Ohio, occupied by 

 the Piqua division of the tribe: (1) The 

 earlier town, which was the birthplace 

 of the noted Tecumtha, was situated on 

 the N. side of Mad r., about 5 m. w. of 

 the present Springfield, in Clark co. It 

 was destroyed by the Kentuckians under 

 Gen. G. R. Clark in 1780, and never re- 

 built, the Indians removingto the (Great) 

 Miami r., where they established two 

 new towns known as Upper and Lower 

 Piqua. (2) LTpper Piqua was on Miami r., 

 3 m. N. of the present Piqua in Miami co., 

 and on the site of the former Miami town 

 of Pickawillanee, q. v. (3) Lower Piqua 

 was a smaller village on the site of the 

 great town of that name. Both villages 

 were within the territory ceded by the 



