'2e,^ 



PITSOKUT — PIZHIKI 



[b. a. e. 



on the Baum and Gartner village sites in 

 Ohio (Mills), and from them have been 

 taken much material connected with the 

 daily life of the people; they surrounded 

 the habitations and were lined with straw 

 or bark to receive corn in the ear com- 

 pactly laid in, or shelled corn in woven 

 bags. The Creek Indians built large 

 storage pits in the ground {see Receptacles, 

 Storage and Caches). Quarry pits for ex- 

 tracting copper, stone, clay, ocher, tur- 

 quoise, etc., have been observed in lo- 

 calities where these substances occur, and 

 sometimes, as in the L. Superior region, 

 the Flint Ridge deposit in Ohio, and the 

 pipestone quarry of Minnesota, an im- 

 mense amount of work of this sort has 

 been done (see Mines and Quarries). Oc- 

 casionally pit traps were made, those of 

 the Navaho consisting of a pocket at the 

 end of a cul de sac of stakes. Burials 

 were often made in pits, in which some- 

 times a number of bodies were deposited 

 (see Mortuary customs). Cairn graves 

 were formed by scooping a hole in the 

 ground, placing the body therein, and 

 covering with stones. This custom had 

 a wide range. Pit houses are compara- 

 tively rare, but are found among the 

 Eskimo, the Maidu of California, and a 

 prehistoric tribe of w. New Mexico (see 

 Habitations). Pits were sometimes dug 

 for use as sweat houses, and the kivas 

 (q. V.) of the Pueblos were usually at 

 least partly underground. 



Consult Dixon in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., XVII, pt. 3, 1905; Jones in Smith- 

 son. Rep. 1885, 900, 1886; Holmes, ibid., 

 1903, 723-26, 1904; Hough in Bull. 35, 

 B. A. E., 1907; Loskiel, Hist. Miss. United 

 Breth., pt. i, 108, 1794; Mills, Certain 

 Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio, i, pt. 3, 

 211-22, 1907; Powers in Cont. N. A. 

 Ethnol., Ill, 1877; Yarrow in First Rep. 

 B. A. E., 113, 142, 1881. _ (w. h. ) 



Pitsokut. A former Maidu village near 

 Roseville, Placer co.,Cal. — Dixon in Bull. 

 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., pi. 38, 1905. 



Pitted stones. See Cupstones, Hammers. 



Pituarvik. A village of the Ita Eskimo 

 on Whale sd., w. Greenland, where the 

 tribe assembles for the spring walrus 

 hunt. 



Peterarwi.— stein in Petermanns Mitt., no. 9, 

 map, 1902. Peteravak. — Markham in Trans. 

 Ethnol. Soc. Lond.,129, 18C6. Peteravik.— Bessels, 

 Am. Nordpol. Exped., 1898. Petowach.— Ross., 

 Voy. of Discov., 134, 1819. Petowack.— Ibid., 196. 

 Pituarvik. — Kroeber in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 XII, 269, 1899. 



Pivanhonkapi ( Pivdnhonkapi) . A tra- 

 ditionary village about 4m. N. w. of Oraibi 

 pueblo, N. E. Ariz. According to Hopi 

 story Pivanhonkapi and Hushkovi (q. v. ) 

 were destroyed by a lire that had been 

 kindled in the San Francisco mts., 90 m. 

 away, at the instanceof the chief of Pivan- 

 honkapi and with the aid of the Yaya- 

 ponchatu people, who are said to have 



been in league with supernatural forces, 

 because the inhabitants of Pivanhonkapi 

 had become degenerate through gambling. 

 Most of the inhabitants were also de- 

 stroyed; the survivors moved away, 

 occupying several temporary villages 

 during their wanderings, the ruins of 

 which are still to be seen. — Voth, Tradi- 

 tions of the Hopi, 241, 1905, 



Pivipa. A former pueblo of the Opata, 

 on the Rio Soyopa, a western branch of the 

 Yaqui, in n. e. Sonora, Mexico (Orozco 

 y Berra, Geog., 343, 1864). Pivipa is now 

 a civilized rancho of 173 inhabitants. 



Pivwani ( Pi-vwa^-ni ). The Marmot clan 

 of the Chua (Snake) phratry of the 

 Hopi.— Stephen in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 38, 

 1891. 



Pizhiki ( ' Buffalo ' ) . A Chippewa chief, 

 often called Buffalo, his English name, 

 formerly residing on La Pointe or Made- 

 line id.. Wis. ; born about 1759, died Sept. 

 7, 1855. He is spoken of as one of the 

 most distinguished chiefs of the Chippewa 

 tribe (WMs. Hist. Coll., in, 365, 1857); 

 but W^arren indicates more closely the 

 scope of his authority by referring to him 

 as ' ' Kechewaishkeen ( Great Buffalo ) , the 

 respected and venerable chief of the La 

 Pointe band [Shaugaumikong] and prin- 

 cipal chief of all the Lake Superior and 

 Wisconsin bands" (Minn. Hist. Coll., v, 

 48, 1885). In one instance he signed a 

 treaty as representative of the St Croix 

 band, and in another in behalf of 

 both the St Croix and La Pointe bands. 

 According to Warren (p. 87) he w^as the 

 grandson of chief Augdaw^eos, which 

 seems to have been also the name of his 

 father. When Buffalo was about 10 

 years of age his family removed to the 

 vicinity of the present Buffalo, N. Y., 

 where they remained two years, then 

 went to Mackinaw, there residing several 

 years, and thence returned to La Pointe. 

 But few of the important incidents of 

 Pizhiki' s life are recorded, but he was an 

 informant of Warren, the historian of 

 the Chippewa. His name is signed to 

 the treaties of Prairie du Chien, Wis., 

 Aug. 19, 1825 ("Gitspee Waskee, le bffiuf 

 of La Pointe" ) ; Fond du Lac, Wis., Aug. 

 5, 1826 ("Peezhickee"); St Peters r. 

 (Wisconsin side), July 29, 1837 ("Pe- 

 zheke"); La Pointe, Wis., Oct. 4, 1842 

 ( "Gitchiwaisky"); Fond du Lac, Aug. 

 2, 1847 ("Ke-che-wash-keen"), and La 

 Pointe, W^is., Sept. 30, 1854 ("Ke-che- 

 waish-ke"). Schoolcraft (Personal 

 Mem., 103, 1851) says that "Gitchee 

 Waishkee, the Great First-born" was 

 familiarly called "Pezhickee, or the Buf- 

 falo." By tlie last treaty a section of 

 land was granted to him out of the terri- 

 tory then ceded to the United States. 

 Previous to his death, in 1855, Pizhiki 

 was baptized in the Roman Catholic faith. 



