276 



POLOOCA POMO 



[b. a. e. 



grooved for the purpose; the earthen ves- 

 sel was given its even surface by rubbing 

 with a smooth pebble or bit of wood, 

 gourd, bone, or shell. The countless im- 

 plements, ornaments, pipes, and miscel- 

 laneous sculptures of the aborigines were 

 finished with the aid of polishers of vary- 

 ing forms and textures, while many ob- 

 jects received their finishing touches by 

 rubbing with a piece of deerskin, fish- 

 skin, or other variously textured but 

 pliable material, or even with the hand, 

 and the high polish of many forms of 

 implements comes from long-continued 

 use, as in digging in the soil, or in con- 

 tact with a haft or the hand. In many 

 cases natural objects, such as pebbles, 

 shells, etc., were employed in the polish- 

 ing work; but it is not always easy to 

 identify these, and the same is true of 

 many polishers that have been artificially 

 shaped. An interesting form of rubbing 

 imi^lement of clay is found occasionally 

 in Tennessee: the discoid base, a few 

 inches in diameter, has a convex under- 

 surface, and above it is supplied with a 

 cylindrical or looped handle; the con- 

 vex surface is usually worn quite smooth 

 from use, hence it is surmised that the 

 implement was employed in smoothing 

 earthenware or the clay plastering of 

 walls. A few examples are of stone. In 

 the shaping of stone the polishing work 

 usually follows the more roughly abrad- 

 ing or grinding operations, the imple- 

 ments as well as the processes employed 

 in the one passing by insensible grada- 

 tions into those of the other. 



Polishing implements are described in- 

 cidentally in numerous works and articles 

 on ethnology and archeology, many of 

 which are referred to under Archeology 

 and Stonework. See also Abrading imple- 

 ments, (w. H. H. ) 



Polooca. Mentioned as a pueblo of the 

 province of Atripuy (q. v.) in the region 

 of the lower Rio Grande, N. Mex., in 

 1598.— Onate (1598) in Doc. In6d., xvi, 

 115, 1871. 



Polotkin, See Saulotken. 



Polynesian influence. See Hawaiian in- 

 fuence. 



Pomeioc. An Algonquian palisaded vil- 

 lage in 1585, about the mouth of Gibbs 

 cr., in the present Hyde co., N. C. It 

 was one of the villages drawn in color by 

 John White during his visit to Virginia 

 in 1585 as a member of Raleigh's first ex- 

 pedition, now preserved in the British 

 Museum, and illustrated by De Bry. 

 The houses of the village were "covered 

 and enclosed, some w*** matts, and some 

 w^*" barcks of trees. All compassed about 

 w'" small poles stock thick together in 

 stedd of a wall." For a photograph of 

 the original of White's drawing, see Bush- 

 nell in Am. Anthrop., ix, 32, 1907. 



Pameik.— Strachey (ca.l612), Va., 143,1849. Pome- 

 cock.— Martin, N. C, I, 11, 1829 (misprint). Pom- 

 eiock. — Amadas and Barlow in Smith (1629), Va., 

 1,84, repr. 1819. Pomeioke.— Strachey (ca. 1612), 

 Va., 146, 1849. Pomejock.— Dutch map (1621) in 

 N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., I, 1856. 



Ponio. The name of the Indian linguis- 

 tic stock, technically known as Kulanapan 

 (q. v.), living in parts of Sonoma, Lake, 

 Mendocino, Colusa, and Glenn cos., Cal. 

 In the northern Pomo dialect Poiuo means 

 ' people, ' and added to a place name forms 

 the name for a group of people. Although 

 Poma is almost as frequently heard as 

 Pomo, the latter has come into general 

 use in both scientific and popular litera- 

 ture. 



The territory occupied by the Pomo is 

 in two parts: a main area which extends, 

 generally speaking, from w. to e., from 

 the coast to the crest of the main range of 

 the Coast Range mts., and from s. to n., 

 from the vicinity of Santa Rosa to Sher- 

 wood valley on the upper course of Eel 

 r. ; the second area is a very small one, 

 lying wholly within the Sacramento val- 

 ley drainage and comprising only a lim- 

 ited area on the headwaters of Stony cr. 

 in Colusa and Glenn cos., and is occupied 

 by a people speaking a dialect differing 

 from any of those spoken in the main 

 area to the w. The Pomo thus occupied ' 

 all of Russian River valley except two 

 small areas, one between Geyserville and 

 Healdsburg, the other at the extreme 

 head of Potter valley, both of which 

 were occupied by people of the Yukian 

 stock. On the ^v. of the main Pomo area 

 is the Pacific, on the s. is Moquehimnan 

 territory, on the e. are Yukian-Wappo 

 and Wintun areas, and on the n. the Yuki 

 and the Athapascan Kato areas, from 

 which it is separated by the watershed 

 between Cahto and Sherwood valleys. 



Certain peoples living to the n. of the 

 Pomo area, generally known by their 

 Pomo names (Kai, Kastel, Kato, and 

 Yusal Pomo), are not, as supposed, Pomo, 

 but Athapascan. 



There are in all seven dialects, one be- 

 ing found exclusively in the small Pomo 

 area in the Sacramento valley drainage, 

 the remainder lying within the limits of 

 what has been designated as the main 

 Pomo area. Of the latter six dialects two 

 are confined to the vicinity of Clear lake, 

 one to the southern part of the coast held 

 by the Pomo, and one almost entirely to 

 the lower course of Russian r., while the 

 other two occupy portions of the interior 

 valley region along Russian and Eel rs. 

 and also portions of the Pomo coast. 



In appearance the Pomo resemble the 

 other Indians of n. central California; 

 they are comparatively short, though on 

 the whole they are taller and of more pow- 

 erful build than their Yuki and Athapas- 

 can neighbors immediately to the n. Both 

 men and women, especially the latter, are 



