278 



POMULUMA POlSrCA 



[b. a. 



of the Wappinger. The meaning of the 

 name is unknown. ( j. m. ) 



Opings.— Eastou treaty (1768) quoted by Rutten- 

 ber, Iiid. Geog. Names, 113, 1906. Pompeton.— N. 

 Y. records quoted, ibid. Pompton. — N. Y. Doc. 

 Col. Hist., VIII, 811, 18.57. Ponton,— Deed of 1695 

 quoted by Nelson, Inds. N. J., 112, 1891. Pump- 

 ton. — N. Y. records quoted by Ruttenber, op. cit. 

 Wapings. — Easton treaty (1758) quoted by Nelson, 

 op. cit., 118. Wappings.— Easton treaty (1758) 

 quoted by Ruttenber, op. eit. 



Pomuluma. A tribe of n. e. Mexico, 

 brought in to San Bernardo mission, 

 fomided in 1703. They are perhaps men- 

 tioned by Penalosa, under the name Polu- 

 hima, in connection with the Jumano. 

 Their language was probably Coahuilte- 

 can. 



Polulumas. — Duro, Don Diego de Penalosa, 134, 

 1882. Pomulumas,— Orozco y Berra, Geog., 303, 

 1864. 



Ponak (a variety of large plant). A 

 Hopi clan. 



Ponakiiyamu Piina.^Dorsey and Voth, Mishong- 

 novi Ceremonies, 260, 1902. 



Ponca. One of the five tribes of the so- 

 called Dhegiha groilp of the Siouan fam- 

 ily, forming with the Omaha, Osage, and 

 Kiansa, the upper Dhegiha or Omaha di- 

 vision. The Ponca and Omaha have the 



GARHOGARSHEGAR (hAIRY BEAr), A PONCA CHIEF 



same language, differing only in some dia- 

 lectic forms and approximating the Qua- 

 paw rather than the Kansa and Osage 

 languages. The early history of the tribe 

 is the same as that of the other tribes of 

 the group, and, after the first separation, 

 is identical withthatof theOmaha. After 

 the migration of the combined body to the 

 mouth of Osage r. the first division of the 



Omaha group took place, the Osage set- 

 tling on that stream, and the Kansa con- 

 tinuing up Missouri r., while the Omaha 

 and Ponca crossed to the n. side. The 

 course of the latter is given from the tradi- 

 tion recorded by J. 0. Dorsey (Am. Nat., 

 Mar. 1886) as follows: The Omaha and 

 Ponca, after crossing the Missouri, as- 

 cended a tributary of that river, which 

 may have been Chariton r., and finally 

 reached the pipestone quarry in s. w. Min- 

 nesota. All the traditions agree in stat- 

 ing that the people built earth lodges 

 or permanent villages, cultivated the soil, 

 and hunted buffalo and other animals. 

 When game became scarce they aban- 

 doned their villages and moved n. w. 

 On reaching a place where game was plen- 

 tiful, other villages were built and oc- 

 cupied for years. Thus they lived and 

 moved until they reached the pipestone 

 quarry. After reaching Big Sioux r. they 

 built a fort. The Dakota made war on 

 the Omaha and their allies, defeating 

 them and compelling them to flee s. w. un- 

 til they reached L. Andes, S. Dak. There, 

 according to Omaha and Ponca tradition, 

 the sacred pipes were given and the present 

 gentes constituted. From this place they 

 ascended the Missouri to the mouth of 

 White r., S. Dak. There the Iowa and 

 Omaha remained, but the Ponca crossed 

 the Missouri and went on to Little Mis- 

 souri r. and the region of the Black hills. 

 They subsequently rejoined their allies, 

 and all descended the Missouri on its 

 right bank to the mouth of Niobrara r., 

 where the final separation took place. 

 The Ponca remained there and the 

 Omaha settled on Bow cr., Nebr., while 

 the Iowa went down the Missouri to the 

 site of Ionia, Dixon co. , Nebr. The Pana, 

 who on Marquette' s autograph map ( 1 673 ) 

 are placed near the Omaha, apparently 

 on the Mi-ssouri about the mouth of the 

 Niobrara, are sup])osed to be the Ponca. 

 If so, this is the earliest historical men- 

 tion of the tribe. They were met by 

 Lewis and Clark in 1804, when their 

 number, which had been greatly reduced 

 by smallpox toward the close of the 18th 

 century, was estimated at only 200. This 

 number, however, may not include those 

 who had taken refuge with the Omaha. 

 Lewis and Clark (Orig. Jour. Lewis and 

 Clark, VI, 88, 1905) say that they formerly 

 residedonabranchof Red r. of theNorth, 

 but as this statement is at variance with 

 all other authorities, and as the wording 

 of the sentence is almost identical with 

 that relating to the Cheyenne (ibid., 100), 

 there is probably a confusion of tribes. 

 They increased rapidly, however, reach- 

 ing about 600 in 1829 and some 800 in 

 1842; in 1871, when they were first vis- 

 ited by Dorsey, they numbered 747. Up 

 to this time the Ponca and Sioux were 

 amicable, but a dispute grew out of the 



