310 



PROQUEU — PSEUDO-INDIAN 



[b. a. b. 



1870; Nakaidoklini, the Apache, 1881; 

 Smohalla, the dreamer of the Columbia, 

 1870-1885; and Wovoka, or Jack Wilson, 

 the Paiute prophet of the Ghost Dance, 

 1889 and later. Consult Mooney, Ghost 

 Dance Religion, in 14th Eep. B. A. E., 

 pt. II, 1896. (.1. M.) 



Proqueu. A former village, presumably 

 Costanoan, connected with Dolores mis- 

 sion, San Francisco, Cal. — Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Oct. 18, 1861. 



Proven. An Eskimo missionary station 

 in w. Greenland. — Kane, Arct. Explor., ii, 

 126, 1856. 



Pructaca. A former village, presumably 

 Costanoan, connected with Dolores mis- 

 sion, San Francisco, Cal. — Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Oct. 18, 1861. 



Pruristac. A former village, presum- 

 ably Costanoan, connected with Dolores 

 mission, San Francisco, Cal. — Taylor in 

 Cal. Farmer, Oct. 18, 1861. 



Psakethe ( PlsliekUhi, 'deer' ) . A gensof 

 the Shawnee. 



Pishekethe.— Wm. Jones.lnfn, 1906 (correct form). 

 Psake-the'. — Morgan, Anc. Soc, 168,1877. 



Psaupsau. A small tribe represented 

 at San Antonio de Valero mission, Texas, 

 in the 18th century. 



Pseudo-Indian. As "pseudo-Indian" 

 may be included forgeries of American 

 Indian objects, implements, etc., on the 

 one hand, and, on the other, objects, im- 

 plements, etc., imitative of or closely re- 

 sembling real American Indian things 

 into whose manufacture the idea of for- 

 gery does not necessarily enter. These 

 "pseudo- Americana" have been the sub- 

 ject of much archeological discussion, and 

 some very patent frauds have long man- 

 aged to maintain their existence in the 

 field or the museum. Objects manu- 

 factured for trade purposes in imitation 

 of real Indian articles belong here also. 

 Of some of these last, Indians themselves 

 have been the makers. There might be 

 mentioned the imitations of European 

 objects in American material, w'hich, 

 however, are rather pseudo- European 

 than pseudo- American. According to 

 McGuire (Rep. Nat. Mus. 1897, 493, 1899), 

 a large number of the tobacco pipes of the 

 American aborigines are in part or wholly 

 pseudo- American — " in almost every pipe 

 of the Iroquoian area may be traced 

 forms distinctly copied from European 

 sources." Pseudo- American also are the 

 "trade pipes," "trade tomahawks," etc. 

 This view of the pseu<lo-American char- 

 acter of many Indian pipes is not shared 

 by David Boyle, who, however, considers 

 many of the wampum belts now in exis- 

 tence to have been "entirely made by 

 Europeans, with just enough 'Indian' in 

 the make-up to make them pass muster 

 among the natives for commercial and 

 treaty purposes" (Archseol. Rep. Ontario, 



55, 1901; 28, 1903). Beauchamp follows 

 Morgan and Brinton in thinking that 

 with the Iroquois "no existing belts an- 

 tedated the Dutch settlement and trade" 

 (Bull. N. Y. State Mus., 340, Mar. 1901). 

 After the colonization of New York, wam- 

 pum beads were manufactured by the 

 European settlers in prodigious quantities 

 for trade and treaty purposes. Several of 

 the aboriginal names of Long Island refer 

 to its imjiortance as a wampum center. 

 In 1844 wampum was still manufactured 

 by whites in New Jersey and sold to In- 

 dian traders of the far W. , and the best of 

 this article was still made at Babylon, 

 L. I., in 1850, according to Beauchamp. 

 The great spread of the use of wampum, 

 like that of tobacco, has been thought to 

 be due to white influence. Beauchamp 

 (Archfeol. Rep. Ontario, 86, 1903) does 

 not consider the bone combs found in the 

 state of New York as really aboriginal, 

 believing that * ' no New York or Canadian 

 Indian ever made a bone comb until he 

 had European hints." Boyle takes an 

 opposite view. Forged and pseudo-Amer- 

 ican flint implements, pottery, and steatite 

 images are well known to archeologists. 

 An interesting account of tlie achieve- 

 ments of one man in the making of spu- 

 rious fishhooks, spear and arrow points, 

 cutting implements, etc., in Wisconsin, 

 is given by Jenks (Am. Anthrop., n. s., 

 II, 292-96, 1900), while those of a man 

 in Michigan who has attempted to pro- 

 duce objects with a biblical meaning have 

 been exposed by Kelsey (Am. Anthrop.,' 

 X, no. 1, 1908). Several centers of manu- 

 facture of "antiquities" have been dis- 

 covered by the experts of the Bureau of 

 American Ethnology in various parts of 

 the country. As pseudo- American may 

 be classed the numerous pictographic 

 frauds and controverted pictographs, 

 especially tliose cited by Mallery (10th 

 Rep. B. A. E., 759-67, 1893 )._ Among 

 these may be mentioned the Kinderhook 

 (111.) copper plates, the Newark (Ohio) 

 inscribed stone, the Pemberton (N. J.) 

 inscribed stone ax, the Grand Traverse 

 (Mich.) inscribed stone, the inscribed 

 stone maul from Isle Royal (Mich.), 

 and probably also such "mound builders' 

 relics" as the famous Grave cr. stone. 

 In this class may also be placed the 

 Abbe Domenech's "Manuscript picto- 

 graphique Americain," published in 

 1860, which Petzhuldt, the German ori- 

 entalist, declared to be "only scribbling 

 and incoherent illustrations of a local 

 German dialect" (Pilling, Algonq. Bibl., 

 114, 1891). Pseudo- American may also 

 be called those ' ' pictographs ' ' due to 

 weathering and other natural causes, 

 such as those in New Brunswick de- 

 scribed by Cianong (Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. 

 N. B., 175-78, 1904), and, according to 



