BULL. 30] 



PUKBLOa 



319 



22 Coronado departed from tlie latter 

 place with 75 horsemen, leaving the main 

 force to follow, and reached Hawikuh, 

 which he named Ciranada, on July 7. 

 The Indians showing hostility, the ])lace 

 Was stormed by the Spaniards and the 

 inhabitants were routed after Coronado 

 had almost lost hislife in the attack. Ex- 

 ploring parties were sent in various direc- 

 tions — to the Hopi villages of Tusayan, the 

 Grand Canyon of the Colorado, the Rio 

 (.irande valley, and thebuffalojilains — no- 

 where finding the expected wealth but 

 always encouraged l)ynews of what lay 

 beyond. The main army reached Cibola 

 in September, and departed for Tiguex 

 (the country and chief village of the 

 present Tigua Indians), about the present 

 Bernalillo, on the Rio Grande, where 

 winter quarters were established. The 

 natives revolted owing to atrocities com- 

 mitted by the Sjianiards, but the uprising 

 was quelled after a long siege and the kill- 

 ing of many Indians. In the following 

 April (b541) Coronado started with his 

 entire force, under tlie guidance of an 

 Indian nicknamed "TheTurk, "evidently 

 a Pawnee, whom he had found living 

 among the Pueblos, to explore a provint-e 

 to the far eastward called Quivira (<i. v.). 

 The Spaniards were led astray by the 

 guide, whom they later executed; the 

 main force was sent back to the Rio 

 (irande, and a picked body finally 

 reached the buffalo country of e. Kansas. 

 In the spring of 1542 Coronado's force 

 started on their return to Mexico. Two 

 missionaries were left behind — Fray Juan 

 de Padilla,who went to Quivira, and Fray 

 Luis, a lay brother, who remained at 

 Pecos. Both were killed by the natives 

 whom they exj)ected to convert. In 

 Coronado's time the Pueblos were said to 

 occui>y 71 towns, and there may have 

 been others which the Spaniards did not 

 enumerate. 



The Pueblos were visited successively 

 by several other Spanish explorers. 

 Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado, in 15S1, 

 escorted three Franciscan missionaries to 

 the Tigua country of the Rio Grande, but 

 they were killed soon after. Antonio de 

 Espejo, late in 1582, started with a small 

 force from San Bartolome in Chihuahua 

 for the purpose of determining the fate 

 of the missionaries. He traversed the 

 Pueblo country from the Hopi villages of 

 N. E. Arizona to Pecos in New Mexico, and 

 returned to San Bartolome by way of 

 Pecos r. p]spejo's itinerary is traceable 

 with no great difficulty, and most of his 

 tribal names are readily identified. His 

 estimates of population, however, are 

 greatly exaggerated— in some cases at 

 least ten times too large. Following 

 Espejo, in 1590, was Gaspar Castano de 

 Sosa, who with a party of 170 persons 

 followed up the Pecos as far as the pueblo 



of that name, which is described as hav- 

 ing five plazas and sixteen kivas; the 

 pueblo was provided with nnich maize, 

 and the pottery and the garments of the 

 men and women aroused admiration. 

 One of the most important of all the ex- 

 peditions was that of Juan de Onate, the 

 colonizer of New Mexico in 1598 and 

 founder of Santa Fe seven years later; for 

 by reason of it the Pueblo tribes were 

 tirst definitely influenced by civilization. 

 Traveling northward, Onate reached on 

 May 22 the first pueblos of the Rio 

 Grande — those of the Piro in the vicinity 

 of the present S( )corro. A jxirty was sent 

 to visit the pueblos of the Salinas, e. of 

 the Rio Grande, and the main body 

 reached the Tigua country a few weeks 

 later, finding there, at Puaray village, 

 evidences of the murder of the friars in 

 1581. Other pueblos were visited, the 

 natives taking the oath of obedience and 

 homage in each instance, and several 

 saint names were applied that have re- 

 mained to this day. The Pueblo c( tuntry 

 was divided into districts, to each of 

 which a priest was assigned, but little 

 was done toward the founding of perma- 

 nent missions during Onate's stay. The 

 first_ settlement of the Siianiards was es- 

 tablished, under the name San Gabriel 

 de los Espanoles, on the Rio Grajide at 

 the Tevva village of Yukewingge, at the 

 mouth of the Rio Chama, opposite San 

 Juan pueblo; it remained the seat of the 

 colony until the spring of 1605, when it 

 was abandoned and Santa Fe founded. 



Active missionary work among the 

 Pueblos was commenced early in the 17th 

 century, and although many baptisms 

 were made by the few resident friars lit- 

 tle was done toward actual conversion. 

 The condition of affairs in 1629 is set 

 forth in the INIemorial written by Fray 

 Alonso Benavides, the custodian of the 

 Franciscan Order in the provmc^, pub- 

 lished in the following year. The ap- 

 peal of Benavides resulted in the sending 

 of 30 new missionaries and the founding 

 of many new missions from the Hopi 

 country and the Zuni in the w. to the 

 pueblos of the Salinas in the e. Sub- 

 stantial churches and monasteries were 

 erected with the aid of the natives, and 

 much was done toward concentrating the 

 Indians with a view of more readily ef- 

 fecting their Christianizatiou. Toward 

 the middle of the century difficulties 

 arose between the civil oflicials and the 

 missionaries, in which the Indians be- 

 came involved. Finally the latter, led 

 by a native of San Juan named Pope (q. 

 v.), arose in revolt in August, 1680, kill- 

 ing 21 of the 33 missionaries, about 375 

 other colonists of a total of about 2,350, 

 and destroying the missions, together 

 with their furnishings and records. Gov- 

 ernor Otermin and the surviving colo- 



