BULL. r.o] 



PUEBLOS 



321 



the floor, the smoke finding egress through 

 the hatcliway as in some of the kivas 

 to-day. Corner fireplaces were also in use, 

 but chimneys, as well as the dome-shaped 

 ovens built on the ground or on the roofs, 

 and paneled duors and shutters, Avere 

 doubtless derived from the Spaniards. 

 Floors were paved with stone slabs or 

 plastered smooth with adobe mortar like 

 the walls and roofs. Accomjianying each 

 pueblo was at least one kiva (q. v.) ; 

 indeed the belief has been advanced that 

 the kiva formed the nucleus of theancient 

 pueblo, which grew up around it. The 

 houses are constructed and owned by the 

 women, the' men helping with the heavy 

 work, such as quarrying stone and haul- 

 ing and emplacingthe beams. The Pue- 

 blos made good basketry (q. v.), but it is 

 not the equal of that of some of the tribes 

 of N. California, although some of the 

 Hopi manufacture basket placques in two 

 distinct styles of weaving, excellently 

 ornamented with anthropomorphic and 

 other figures in 

 harmonious 

 colors derived 

 from native 

 substances, 

 now largely su- 

 perseded by the 

 dyes of com- 

 merce. As pot- 

 ters and weav- 

 ers the Pueblos 

 have not been 

 excelled by any 

 Indians n. of 

 Mexico (see 

 Pottery, Weav- 

 ing). Their 

 earthenware 

 vessels, ancient 

 and modern, consist of practically every 

 form known to the aborigines, from large 

 rough cooking and storage vessels to deli- 

 cately modeled and elaborately painted 

 jars, bowls, platters, bottles, ladles, and 

 box-shaped utensils. 



Many of the ancient Pueblos, espe- 

 cially those of the northern area, may be 

 designated as horticulturists rather than 

 as agriculturists, so intensive was their 

 method of cultivation. Their small 

 fields were irrigated from living streams 

 or from storage reservoirs, the chief crop 

 being corn. Cotton also was raised, the 

 product being woven into everyday 

 clothing and ceremonial cloaks, kilts, 

 and leggings, which were extensively 

 traded to other tribes. The Hopi were 

 and still are the principal cotton weavers 

 of all the Pueblos, but the native cotton 

 has given place almost entirely to trade 

 stuffs. After the introduction of sheep 

 by the Spaniards, the weaving of native 

 wool, as well as of strands of bay eta on 

 rude hand looms, became an important 



3456— Bull. 30, pt 2—07 21 



industry. It is believed that weaving 

 was introduced among the Navaho by 

 Pueblo women adopted into that tribe. 

 Many so-called "Navaho blankets" are 

 really the product of Hopi and Zuni 

 looms, operated by both men and women. 

 In the southern Pueblo area especially, 

 agriculture was conducted on a large 

 scale, and elaborate and extensive sys- 

 tems of irrigation (q. v.) were employed. 

 Such works, utilized by an entire com- 

 munity, were constructed under a com- 

 munal system; and indeed this method 

 is still largely followed by all the Pueblos. 

 In addition to fields of corn, wheat, 

 pumpkins, melons, etc., small garden 

 patches of onions, beans, chile, etc., near 

 the houses are cultivated, water being 

 daily conveyed to them in jars by the 

 women, to whom the gardens belong. 



In addition to their agriculture the 

 Pueblos hunted to some extent, and there 

 are still some excellent hunters among 

 them. The deer, antelope, bear, and 

 mountain lion 

 were the larger 

 game sought, 

 and the eastern 

 Pueblos hunted 

 also the buffalo 

 on the plains, 

 Rabbits abound 

 throughout the 

 Pueblo coun- 

 try, and are 

 hunted individ- 

 ually as well as 

 by large groups 

 of men and 

 boys, who sur- 

 round a wide 

 area and grad- 

 ually drawing 

 together entrap the rabbits and dispatch 

 them with boomerang-shaped hunting 

 sticks. Traps also are employed, espe- 

 cially for catching small mammals and 

 birds, including eagles, which are highly 

 prized on account of their feathers, so 

 largely used in ceremony. Fish and 

 other products of the water are never 

 eaten, and various animals are tabooed as 

 food by the members of certain clans. 

 In early times the turkey was domesti- 

 cated, and there is evidence that large 

 flocks were "herded" in much the same 

 manner as are sheep and goats at the 

 present time. A few turkeys, as well as 

 eagles, are still kept in captivity, but 

 only for their feathers. The only other 

 domestic animal was the dog, but there 

 is no evidence that the Pueblos employed 

 this animal as a beast of burden like the 

 tribes of the plains (see DanieMicalion, 

 Trarois). Horses, asses, horned cattle, 

 sheep, and goats, like wheat, grapes, 

 peaches, and apples, now more or less 

 extensively grown, were not known to 



PUEBLO ON A MESA TOP — WALPI, ARIZONA 



