322 



PUEBLOS 



[b. a. e. 



the Indians before the coming of the 

 Spaniards in the 16th century. In s. 

 Arizona, in association with ancient 

 ruins, pictographs and figurines repre- 

 senting a llama-like quadruped have 

 been found, the rock-pictures indicating 

 the animals as being herded by men with 

 bolas. 



Theancientclothingof Pueblo men con- 

 sisted typically of a short tunic of deerskin 

 and trousers of the same material reaching 

 to the knees; leggings of skin or of cotton, 

 fastened at the knees, held in place by 

 a narrow garter woven in pattern; and 

 moccasins of deerskin with rawhide soles 

 neatly sewn with sinew. Knitted footless 

 stockings of yarn are now commonly worn 

 by both men and women, with or without 

 leggings. A piece of skin (now usually 

 fresh goatskin) , with hairy side inward and 

 entirely incasing the foot, was used over 

 the moccasin in snowy weather. The 

 breechcloth is universally worn by males. 

 The warriors 



wore a close-fit- ust" •■,^.«h»6*;, -•- -t^wsw^iir-' 

 ting capof skill, 

 ventilated with 

 numerous holes 

 and decorated 

 with feathers; 

 this cap is still 

 worn as a part 

 of the ceremo- 

 nial costume 

 of the Priests 

 of the Bow, 

 of Zuiii. Evi- 

 dence pro- 

 duced by exca- 

 vation in the 

 cliff-dwellings 

 indicates that 

 garments wo- 

 ven of yucca 

 fiber, as well as 



of cotton with feathers, were also used in 

 early times. Sandals of yucca or other 

 fibers were worn instead of moccasins. 

 The hair of the Pueblo men is "banged" 

 above the eyes, cut horizontally at the 

 neck line, and the back hair gathered 

 and tied with a woven band into a tight 

 knot behind. A headband, now usually 

 a bandana handkerchief, is always worn 

 by men and boys of the western Pueblos, 

 but those of the Rio Grande valley, except 

 during ceremonies, wear the hair in side 

 plaits and require no headband. After 

 the introduction of sheep, woven woolen 

 garments largely replaced the skin tunics 

 and trousers of the men, and the cheap 

 cotton fabrics of commerce in time super- 

 seded Avoolen goods to a great extent. 

 Robes of twisted strands of rabbit skin 

 and wildcat skin were worn in cold 

 weather, and were employed also as bed- 

 ding; but these have given place almost 

 entirely to the bright-colored blankets, 



VALLEY PUEBLO — ZUNI, NEW MEXICO 



identical with the so-called ' ' Navah o blan- 

 kets," of native wool, bayeta, or commer- 

 cial yarn, woven by both men and women 

 among the Zuni and the Hopi, and worn 

 especially on gala occasions. The orna- 

 ments of the men consist of necklaces cf 

 ground and drilled shell and turquoise 

 beads, turquoise being mined in consider- 

 able quantity at Los Cerillos, N. Mex. 

 (the Queres of San Felipe serving as the 

 chief traders in the product); and of 

 ear and neck pendants of the same ma- 

 terials, and beautifully executed mosaics 

 of shell and turquoise and other colored 

 stones. Leather belts and wrist-guards 

 ornamented with large disks of coin silver 

 are commonly worn and are highly prized, 

 and leggings and moccasins are usually 

 studded with silver buttons. German sil- 

 ver and copper are sometimes employed 

 for ornamentation, but these metals are 

 not highly regarded by the Pueblos. 

 Their metal- working process was derived 

 from the Span- 

 iards. 



The clothing 

 of the women 

 now consists of 

 a woolen dress 

 of native weave, 

 knee-length, 

 made in the 

 form of a blank- 

 et, the two 

 ends being 

 sewn together; 

 the garment is 

 worn over the 

 right shoulder 

 and under the 

 left, and belted 

 at the waist 

 with a very 

 long woven 

 sash, usually of 

 red and green wool, fringed at the ends 

 and tucked in; a cotton shirt extend- 

 ing to the knees; for indoor use, knitted 

 leggings of yarn; for outdoor use, and 

 especially on gala occasions, leggings con- 

 sisting of an entire deerskin wrapped 

 round and round from below the knee to 

 the ankle and forming part of the moc- 

 casins of the same material. The leggings 

 and moc'i-asins, unlike those of the men, 

 are not dyed. The women wear also a 

 light cotton mantle, and when the weather 

 demands, a woolen blanket similar to the 

 iilankets above mentioned. A valued 

 possession is the "ceremonial blanket" 

 of white cotton, embroidered, knotted, 

 and fringed. Among some of the Pueblos 

 the hair of the married women is banged 

 slightly in front, parted in the middle, 

 and wrapped in two coils back of the ears ; 

 girls who had reached the marriageable 

 age had the hair arranged in two large 

 whorls at the sides of the head: these 



