BOLL. 30] 



PUEBLOS 



323 



among the Hopi (who alone among the 

 Pueblos now employ this method of hair- 

 dressing) represent squash blossoms, sym- 

 bols of fertility. Other Pueblo women 

 do not bang the hair, but part it in the 

 middle and wear it in a braid at each side. 

 Necklaces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, 

 and finger rings of silver are commonly 

 worn, particularly during outdoor cere- 

 monies, and on gala occasions Hopi girls 

 wear as ear pendants small tablets orna- 

 mented with turquoise mosaic. 



Social and religious organization. — 

 Every Pneblo tribe is composed of a num- 

 ber of clans or gentes, these terms here 

 being employed to indicate descent in the 

 female or the male line, respectively. The 

 clans vary greatlj' in number. The little 

 pueblo of Sia, for example, with only 

 about a hundred inhabitants, is repre- 

 sented by 16 existing clans, while 21 oth- 

 ers are traceable though extinct. Among 

 some of the Pueblos, notably the Hopi, 

 there is evidence of a phratral grouping 

 of the clans. Most of the clans take their 

 names from natural objects or elements, 

 especially animals and plants, and are 

 divided into regional or seasonal groups, 

 depending more or less on the habits and 

 habitat of the related animals, plants, or 

 other objects or elements from which 

 they take their names, and on various 

 religious beliefs. There is evidence that 

 originally a priest or religious chief pre- 

 sided over each clan. (For the names of 

 the clans, see under the several tribes.) 



Of the mythology, religion, and cere- 

 monies of the Pueblos comparatively lit- 

 tle has been recorded thus far except in 

 so far as the Zuni, Hopi, and Sia are con- 

 cerned. Among the Zuiii there are many 

 organizations embracing secret orders 

 whose functions pertain to war, healing, 

 hunting, agriculture, magic, religion, etc., 

 although it should be said that the reli- 

 gious motive enters largely into all their 

 activities. In these ceremonial organiza- 

 tions the cardinal directions play a promi- 

 nent part, each importantsociety, accord- 

 ing to Gushing, representing a distinct 

 region; for example, the Pihlakwe, or Bow 

 priesthood of the Zuni, represent the west, 

 the Shumekwe the east, the Newekwe or 

 Galaxy people the upper region, the 

 Chitolakwe or Rattlesnake people the 

 lower region, etc. Each society has its 

 own series of rites and ceremonies, some 

 of which are performed in secret, while 

 others, in the form of public dances, are 

 elaborate and impressive. The origin 

 of these organizations and the mythology 

 and religious beliefs underlying them are 

 too complicated to admit of even an out- 

 line here. On this subject the reader 

 should consult (for the Zjfii) Gushing, 

 (1) Zuni Creation Myths, in 13th Rep. 



B. A. E., (2) Zuni Folk Tales, 1901, and 

 Mrs Stevenson in 5th and 23d Reps. B, 

 A. E. ; (for the Hopi) Fewkes in the 

 15th, 16th, 19th, and 21st Reps. B. A. E., 

 and various articles in Am. Anthr., Jour. 

 Am. Folk-lore, and Jour. Am. Eth. and 

 Arch.; (for the Sia) Mrs Stevenson in 

 11th Rep. B. A. E. 



All the Pueblos are monogamists, and 

 the status of women is much higher than 

 among most tribes. Among the tribes in 

 which descent is reckoned through the 

 mother, at least, the home is the property 

 of the woman, and on the marriage of 

 her daughters the sons-in-law make it 

 their home. Marriage is effected with 

 little ceremony, and divorce is lightly re- 

 garded, the wife having it in her power 

 to dismiss her husband on a slight pre- 

 text, the latter returning to his parents' 

 home, sometimes for a trifling cause; in 

 such cases either is free to marry again. 

 There are many instances, however, in 

 which men and women marry but once, 

 spending their lives together in perfect 

 accord and happiness. Labor is divided 

 as equitably as possible under the circum- 

 stances. As among other tribes, the 

 women perform all domestic duties as well 

 as some of the lighter farm work, espe- 

 cially at harvest time; but unlike most 

 Indian women those of the Pueblos are 

 helped by the men inthe heavier domestic 

 work, such as house-building and the 

 gathering of fuel, while men also weave 

 blankets, make their wives' moccasins, 

 and perform other labors usually regarded 

 in Indian life as a part of women's work. 

 Like the houses, the small garden patches 

 are the property of the women, who alone 

 cultivate them, and the carrying of water 

 and the making of pottery are also strictly 

 women's functions. The children are 

 spoken of as belonging to the mother; 

 i. e., among most of the Pueblos they be- 

 long to the clan of the mother; and in 

 this case, at least, if the father and the 

 mother should separate, the children re- 

 main with the latter. Ghildren are very 

 obedient and only on very rare occasions 

 are they punished. 



Originally the government of the Pue- 

 blos was controlled by the priesthood, 

 the various functions of government, as 

 war and peace, witchcraft, hunting, hus- 

 bandry, etc., being regulated by repre- 

 sentatives of the societies pertaining 

 thereto. On the advent of the Spaniards 

 the outward form of the government of 

 most of the tribes was changed by the 

 establishment of a kind of elective sys- 

 tem and the control of strictly civil affairs 

 by a governor, a lieutenant-governor, and 

 a body of aldermen, so to call them. All 

 the Pueblos except the Hopi still success- 

 fully maintain this system of local gov- 



