BULL. 30] 



KACE NAMES 



349 



exhibit a wide range of etymological 

 signitication, since the newcomers re- 

 ceived appellations referring to their per- 

 sonal appearance, arrival in ships, arms, 

 dress, and other accouterments, activi- 

 ties, merchandise and articles brought 

 with them, as iron, and fancied corres- 

 pondence to figures of aboriginal myth 

 and legend. A few tribes borrowed 

 words to designate the white man, prob- 

 ably before they actually saw him. Some 

 others extended the term at first em- 

 ployed for P^nglishmen or Frenchmen 

 to include all white men with whom 

 they afterward had to do. In the fol- 

 lowing examples the native names have 

 been simplified so far as possible. 



Algonqumn names. — Among the various 

 languages of the Algonquian stock a num- 

 ber of different terms for white man are 

 to be found. The Arapaho has niatJia, 

 7ianagakanet, nihanatayeche, etc. The 

 last signifies 'yellow hide,' the second 

 'white-skinned.' Of niatha Mooney 

 (14th Rep. B. A. E., 1020, 1896) says: 

 "The word signifies literally expert, 

 skillful, or wise, and is also the Arapaho 

 name for the spider." Kroeber (Trad, 

 of Arapaho, 8, 1902) says the name is 

 given to the character in Arapaho tradi- 

 tions corresponding to the Algonquian 

 Nanabozho, Napi, etc., and the Siouan 

 Ishtinike, while at the same time it is 

 now "the ordinary word for white men 

 in Arapaho just as in Cheyenne the 

 name of the mythical character VihJto, 

 has been applied to the whites." (See 

 also Wake, Nihancan, the White Man, 

 Am. Antiq., xxvi, 224-31, 1904.) In Sik- 

 sika a white man is called napiekvan, 

 in which -ekwan is a kind of ethnic suffix 

 of the person. As a general term for 

 'white man' we have the Chippewa 

 ivayabishldwdd, 'one who is white' (gen- 

 erally referring to Englishmen only); 

 Mmm.\,irabkelolceta, 'white skin' (a white 

 man); equally common with these terms 

 for whites in general is mishaklgandshcug, 

 'they of the hairy chest' (Wm. Jones, 

 inf'n, 1906). The "former Chippewa term 

 corresponcls with the Cree vjctpiskisiw 

 and related words in cognate dialects. 

 The Delaware uvapsit, 'white person,' 

 signifies literally 'he is white.' Dela- 

 ware also has for 'European' schivon- 

 nach, 'person from the salt (sea).' The 

 Chippewa term for 'Englishman,' s/iapra- 

 nash, has been extended to mean 'white 

 man,' just as has also the Micmac word 

 for 'Frenchman,' wenooch, Penobscot 

 atvenoch, Abnaki aivanoch, cognate with 

 such other Algonquian terms for 'white 

 man ' as the Narraganset awaunagus, Scat- 

 icook wanux, Pequot-Mohegan wonnux, 

 Passamaquoddy wenoch, etc., primarily 

 derived from aiwnj, 'who,' 'somebody,' 

 the European being looked upon as 

 'somebody coming.' 



Athapascan names. — According to Mor- 

 ice (Anthropos, i, 236, 1906), the West- 

 ern Dene call the whites neto, and the 

 French su-nelo, i. e. 'the true white 

 men.' The Navaho term for whites is 

 Belagana, a corruption of the Spanish 

 word Americano. 



Eskimo names. — The representative Es- 

 kimo term for ' white man ' is kablunak, 

 according to Rink (Am. Anthr., xi, 181- 

 87, 1898), a corruption by Europeans of 

 keydlunak, 'wolf,' preserved in this sense 

 only in the Eskimo language of the far 

 west, the name having been given with 

 reference to the myth of "the girl and 

 the dogs." Another etymology derives 

 the word from the root qauk, 'daylight,' 

 'white day,' so that it ultimately signi- 

 fies 'having very light skin.' Petitot 

 favors a derivation which indicates the 

 European fashion of "wearing a cap or 

 hat covering their foreheads down to the 

 eyebrows (kablut)." In the secret lan- 

 guage of the Central Eskimo medicine- 

 men (Boas in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 XV, 35, 1901) the word for 'European' is 

 kidlatet, evidently a derivative of kidlak, 

 the secret term for 'iron.' When the 

 crew of the Plover reached Pt Barrow 

 (Richardson, Polar Reg., 300, 1861), they 

 were termed by the Eskimo shakenatan- 

 agmeun, 'people from under the sun,' 

 and emakhlin, 'seamen,' but commonly 

 nelhtangmeun, 'unknown people.' The 

 Greenland Eskimo called the Danes ukis- 

 sut, ' winterers.' 



Iroquoian names. — The Cherokee, ac- 

 cording to Mooney, call the white man 

 yunwunega, from y&nwi 'person,' and 

 unega 'white.' Cuoq (Lex. Iroq., 112, 

 1882) gives for 'white man,' kihnara- 

 ken, 'my skin is white,' from keraken 

 'I am white,' and olwa 'skin.' Another 

 Iroquoian term is asserani, 'he makes 

 axes,' the name applied by the Iroquois 

 to the first Dutch colonists, and in Can- 

 ada, in the form onseronni, to the French. 

 Other Iroquoian names now or formerly 

 in use are: Wyandot or Caughnawaga 

 tnlhaesaga, said to mean 'morning-light 

 people,' and ashalecoa, or assaricol, said 

 to mean 'big knife'; Huron agnonha, 

 'Frenchman.' 



Kiowan names. — A Kiowa term for ' white 

 men' is bedalpago, 'hairy mouths,' from 

 bedal 'lip,' pa 'downy hair,' and go 

 tribal terminal. Another is ta-ka-i, 'ears 

 sticking out,' which, according to Mooney 

 (14th Rep. B. A. E., 1091, 1896) applies 

 to the ears of a white "as compared 

 with the Indian's, which are partly con- 

 cealed by his long hair." It is also the 

 Kiowa name for a mule or a donkey. 

 Another term is hanpogo, 'trappers,' 

 because some of the first whites known to 

 them were American trappers (Mooney, 

 17th Rep. B. A. E., 397, 1898). Still 

 other names in use among the Kiowa 



