350 



EACE NAMES 



[B. A. E. 



for white men, according to Mooney, are 

 ganonko, 'growlers,' in allusion to their 

 rougher voices; garUunto, ' capwearers, ' 

 and boyonko, 'blonds.' The word hedal- 

 pago, while designating whites in general, 

 applies more particularly to Americans, 

 who are also known as t'o-tdka-i, 'cold 

 whites,' that is, northern white men, as 

 distinguished from the Mexicans to the s. 

 The Texans are distinguished as Teha/- 

 nego, from the Spanish Tejano. 



Kiiunahan names. — The Kutenai call a 

 white man suyapi, a term identical with 

 sueapo, given by Parker (Jour., 381, 

 1840) as the Nez Perce word for 'Ameri- 

 can.' Another Kutenai term is nutlukene, 

 'stranger. ' A third expression, kamnnqtlo 

 aktsrnakivik, 'white man,' is probably a 

 translation of the English term. 



Maidu name. — According to Gatschet 

 the term for white man is sakini, i. e. 

 'ghosts,' 'spirits'. 



Shosltonean names. — In Shoshoni and 

 Comanche the word for 'white man' is 

 taivo; in Paiuteand Bannock, tavibo. This, 

 as Mooney ( 14th Kep. B. A. E., 1056, 1896) 

 has pointed out, seems to be derived from 

 tabi, 'the sun.' The Washo name for 

 'white man,' tabaa, may have been bor- 

 rowed from the neighboring Paviotso. 

 The idea of sun men, or easterners, is met 

 with elsewhere, as among the Hopi of 

 Shoshonean stock. 



Siouan names. — Long (Exped. Rocky 

 Mts., II, Ixxx, 1823) gives the name for 

 ' white man ' in Oto as mazonkka, ' iron- 

 makers,' and the Omaha name as wahta, 

 ' makers.' A vocabulary of about 1819 has 

 Omaha wahe, Hidatsa washi, i. e. masi. 

 More modern vocabularies and dictiona- 

 ries give the following Siouan words for 

 'white man': Dakota, icasJiechu; Mandan, 

 wuashi; Assinihom, vxihsheechoon. These 

 and related words signify ' rich people, ' or 

 perhaps 'generous people.' The Hidatsa 

 term (Matthews, Hidatsa Ind., 183, 1877) 

 for 'white' (American) is maetsihateki, 

 or maetsiictia, i. e. 'long or big knife.' 



Skittagetan names. — The Skidegate dia- 

 lect of Haida has for 'white man' kelga- 

 daa, 'man white,' and yets-haidagai, 'iron 

 people,' the latter being the usual term. 



Wakashan names. — The Nootka word 

 for ' white man ' or ' European, ' mama- 

 tine, signifies really ' house adrift on wa- 

 ter, ' in reference to the ships of the new- 

 comers. The word in the Clayoquot dia- 

 lect is mamatle. 



The examples cited show the variety 

 existing in the names for 'white man' 

 among the linguistic stocks n. of Mexico 

 and the interesting ways in which such 

 appellations have been made up from 

 peculiarities of a physical, mental, or 

 social character. 



Yuchi name. — The Yuchi term for 

 white man (American) is kuyaxkn, from 

 ku 'man,' maxka 'white' (Gatschet). 



Muskhogegn name. — The Choctaw term 

 for white man is na^Jiullo. 



Americans. — The American, or inhabi- 

 tant of the Eng] ish colonies in what is now 

 the United States, received from the In- 

 dians during and after the wars which 

 preceded and followed the Revolution, 

 names which distinguished him from the 

 Frenchman and the Englishman. Prob- 

 ably from the swords of the soldiery sev- 

 eral tribes designated Americans as 'big 

 knives,' or 'long knives.' This isthe signi- 

 fication of the Chippewa and Nipissing 

 clumdkoman, from kechimd koman, 'great 

 knife,' Cree kitehimokkuman, Delaware 

 m' chonsikan, ' big knife' (i. e., Virginian), 

 and cognate terms in some of the Algon- 

 quian dialects. In Menominee is found 

 mokuman {md koman, 'knife'); in Wyan- 

 dot (1819), saraumigh; in Shawnee, she- 

 manes^, 'big knife' ; in Oto (1823), mahe- 

 hunjeh; in Omaha (1823), mahhehinguh; 

 in Dakota (1823), menahashah; in Hidatsa 

 (1823), manceechteet. These, like the 

 Yankton minahanska and Teton mila- 

 hanska, signify 'long or big knife.' In 

 1871 Koehrig gave the Dakota word for 

 'American' as isangtanka, 'big knife.' 

 The Siksika term omak kistoapikwaii signi- 

 fies 'big-knife person'; ommakistowan has 

 about the same meaning. The promi- 

 nence of Boston in the early history of the 

 United States led to its name being used 

 for 'American' on both the Atlantic and 

 the Pacific coast. The Micmac to-day 

 call the United States Bostnon, and an 

 American Bostoonkawaaeh ; the Nipissing 

 Bastone, the Canadian Abnaki Bastoni, 

 and the Mohawk Iroquois Wastonronon, 

 signify not merely the inhabitants of Bos- 

 ton, but the New Englandersor the people 

 of the United States in general. The 

 share of the men in Boston in the develop- 

 ment of the Oregon country is recalled by 

 the term Boston, which in the Chinook 

 jargon designates 'American.' From the 

 jargon this word passed into a number of 

 the languages of the Pacific coast region: 

 Klamath, Boshtin; Kutenai, Bostev; Den6 

 (Carrier) Boston. The eastern D^ne 

 name is Bestcorh-o'' -tinne, 'people of the 

 big knives.' The Navaho have adopted 

 Pelikano, or Melikano, from the Spanish 

 'Americano.' The Hopi name is Melly- 

 cawno (Bourke, Moquis of Arizona, 317, 

 1884), but among themselves thej^ use 

 the term Pahana, 'eastern water people.' 

 The Zufii call Afnericans Melikanakwe 

 (Gushing, in Millstone, x, 100, Junel885). 

 The Cherokee called Americans Aniivat- 

 sini, ' Virginians,' from Watsini 'Virginia' 

 (Mooney). 



English. — One of the earliest terms for 

 'Englishman' is the Natick tuautacone, 

 'coat man,' 'he who wears clothing.' 

 Others, the Pequot, maunnux, 'somebody 

 coming,' the term used also for 'French- 

 man' in several eastern Algonquian dia- 



