BULL. 30] 



RACE NAMES 



351 



lects; and the Narraganset chaiiqtiaquock, 

 'knife men.' In the latter language 

 Roger Williams cites Englishmannuck, 

 and the form Englishmanfiog, both plurals, 

 as also in use. The modern Canadian 

 Abnaki has Iglizmon. A Shawnee vocab- 

 ulary of 1819 (Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc, 

 I, 290, 1820) has Emilishmanake. To an- 

 other group belong the ^iicmac A glaseaoo, 

 the Abnaki Anglis, the Nipissing Aga- 

 nesha, the Prairie Cree Akai/dsiw, the 

 Chippewa Shdganash (which possibly 

 is connected with 'spearman' or the 

 'contemptible spearman' — Wm. Jones, 

 inf'n, 1906), the Ottawa Saganash, the 

 Cree Akaias, etc., all of which are 

 thought to be corruptions of the French 

 'Anglais' or 'les Anglais.' The older 

 forms of these words, as the Missisauga 

 (1801) Zaganassa, the Montagnais (1800) 

 Agalesliou, the Micmac (1800) Angal- 

 sheeau, Nascapee NaggalcsJiou, and the 

 Nipissing Angalesho, seem to justify 

 this belief, although it is possible 

 some of these words may have been cor- 

 rupted from 'English' instead of from 

 'Anglais.' The Abnaki corruption of 

 'Englishman' was Iglismon (Maurault, 

 Abenakis, vii, 1866), Delaware Ingel- 

 ishman. Long (Exped. Rocky Mts., 

 1823) gives for 'British' in Oto ragar- 

 rashing, and in Omaha sukanash, both 

 loan words from the Algonquian. In 

 the language of the Siksika 'English- 

 man' is 7iitnpiapikvan, 'real white man.' 

 The Canadian Mohawk of Lake of Two 

 Mountains, Quebec, call an 'Englishman' 

 tiorhensaka, 'inhabitant of the east.' 

 Long, early in the century, gave for ' Brit- 

 ish ' in Hidatsa bosheittochresha, which he 

 interprets as meaning 'the men who 

 bring black cloth.' In the Chinook jar- 

 gon the word for ' English' is Kintshautsh, 

 and for 'Englishmen' Kintshautshman, 

 from 'King George,' the reigning mon- 

 arch at the period in which the jargon 

 arose. From the jargon these terms have 

 passed into a number of the languages of 

 the Pacific Coast region: Klamath, Sking 

 dshudsh or King Dshutch; Kutenai, Skin- 

 djatsh, 'Canadian,' 'Englishman.' The 

 western Dene, according toMorice (An- 

 thropos, I, 236-7, 1906) call the English 

 sagcenaz, an Algonquian loan-word; the 

 eastern Dene term them tse-o'tinne, 'in- 

 habitants of the rocks.' In Creek (of 

 the Muskhogean stock) Gatschet cites 

 for Englishmen mikUisi, ' subjects of the 

 great king,' with which goes Choctaw 

 and Chicasaw minkilisi. 



Scotch. — According to Cuoq (Lex. Iroq., 

 166, 1882), the Mohawk of Lake of Two 

 Mountains, Quebec, called the first 

 Scotchmen (settlers) with whom they 

 came into contact kentahere, in reference to 

 their headdress, 'Tam O'Shanter,' which 

 reminded them of a cow-dropping (ota). 

 Wilson (OjebwayLang., 343, 1874) gives 



Scotchmun as the term in Canadian Chip- 

 pewa. Another Chippewa name is Opit- 

 otowew, 'he who speaks differently.' 

 Rand gives in Micmac Skdjemen. 



Fre)ich.— The Algonquian languages in 

 particular furnish several special words 

 for 'Frenchman,' individuals of that 

 nationality having come into very close 

 contact with many of the tribes of this 

 stock, as settlers, coureurs des bois, and 

 hunters and trappers, often having Indian 

 Avives and becoming members of aborigi- 

 nal communities. The Micmac term was 

 tverijooch (in composition ^/rji/oo), applied 

 to white men, sometimes even to the 

 English, but originally and specifically to 

 the Fi-enchman and signifying 'somebody 

 coming.' That this was its original sig- 

 nification the related eastern Algonquian 

 words for 'white man' indicate, as the 

 Penobscot aivenoch, the Pequot ivcmux, 

 the Passamaquoddy wenoch, etc. Another 

 Algonquian term for Frenchman is the 

 Cree wemistikojiw, Chippewa wemldgosJil, 

 'people of the wooden canoes,' probably 

 akin to the Fox iriimetegowlsW', 'one 

 who is identified with something 

 wooden,' probably referring to something 

 about clothing or implements. The Fox 

 name for a Frenchman is ■wamttegoshi"' 

 (Wm. Jones, inf'n, 1906) ; Menominee, 

 wameqtikosin; Missisauga, iramitigushi, etc. 

 Lahontan translated the old Algonkin 

 mittigouchiouck, 'builders of vessels,' 

 which Trumbull (Trans. Am. Philol. 

 Asso., 154, 1871) considered incorrect, 

 though he saw in it a reference to the 

 'wooden boats' of the French, mitigo 

 meaning 'wooden.' An aged Missisauga 

 woman related (Chamberlain, Lang, of 

 Mississagas, 60, 1892) that the word 

 referred to the boxes carried by the 

 early French traders, but this may have 

 been merely a folk etymology suggested 

 by mitiguxidi, 'trunk,' 'valise.' The 

 Siksika word for 'Frenchman' is nitsap- 

 pekwan. A Shawnee vocabulary of 1819 

 gives Tola, and Cotton's old Massachuset 

 vocabulary has the plural form Punach- 

 monog, evidently taken from the English 

 'Frenchman.' The Abnaki corruption 

 of 'Frenchman' was Pelajemoti (Mau- 

 rault, Abenakis, viii, 1866). An Hidatsa 

 name is masiFti, 'true white.' Tiie 

 Hasinai of Texas, according to Bolton, 

 called the French Canos; in allusion to 

 this fact the Spaniards named an Arkokisa 

 partisan of the French, Canos. 



The Mohawk of Lake of Two Moun- 

 tains, Quebec, call a Frenchman onseronni, 

 which Cuoq (Lex. Iroq., 69, 1882) inter- 

 prets as 'maker of hatchets,' from konnis 

 'I make,' and osera 'hatchet.' This is 

 the same name as aseronni, the appella- 

 tion conferred on the first Dutch colonists 

 of New York by the Iroquois, and appar- 

 ently a more or less general term for 

 'white man.' 



