400 



RUSSIAN RIVER POMO SABOBA 



[b. a. e. 



(other than Aleut and Tlingit), and 

 succeeded fairly well in so doing. The 

 Russian law attaching the individual to 

 the soil {zemlia) of his commune operated 

 to prevent legal marriages between native 

 Americans, whose "zendia" was Ameri- 

 can, and Russian servants of the com- 

 pany whose "zemlia" was Russian; since 

 when the latter finished his term of serv- 

 ice (if not in debt to the company) he 

 was obliged to go back to his original 

 domicile, while he could not take his 

 native wife away from her legal domicile 

 or "zemlia." In this way numerous 

 unions not legally sanctioned grew up, 

 and the women who entered into them 

 were apparently regarded socially as in 

 no way less respectable than the oc- 

 casional Russian wives with whom they 

 associated on apparently equal terms, and 

 they made as devoted partners and 

 mothers. At the transfer of Alaska to the 

 United States, many of these unions were 

 legalized by authority of the Czar in 

 compliance with the terms of the treaty, 

 which permitted Russian residents to re- 

 main and become American citizens if 

 they saw fit. The children of these 

 unions with Tlingit, Eskimo, Aleut, or 

 Californian natives formed a large and in- 

 telligent class on the N. W. coast, known 

 to the Russians as " Creoles," a class 

 which gave many officials and at least 

 one governor (Etolin) to Russian 

 America. The Russo-Tlingit and Russo- 

 Eskimo crosses were the most numerous 

 and fertile. The issue of casual and 

 mercenary unions was a small factor, as 

 the women in the case were usually in- 

 fertile. The purity of the Aleut blood 

 probably suffered most from this cause, 

 as that of a subject people; while the 

 quasi-legitimate unions above referred to 

 frequently produced large families which 

 later formed an important element of the 

 civilized population. (w. h. d. ) 



Russian River Porno. A collective term 

 for the inhabitants of the numerous Porno 

 villages lying in the valley of Russian r., 

 Cal. 



Sa. The Tobacco clan of the Tewa 

 pueblos of Nambe, N. Mex., and Hano, 

 Ariz. 



Ca.— Stephen in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 39, 1891 (Hani) 

 name). Na'-to. — Ibid. (Navaho name). Pi'-ba. — 

 Ibid. i^Hoplname). Sa.— Fewkesin Am. Anthr.. 

 vn, 166, 1894 (Hano form). Sa-tdoa.— Hodge, ibid., 

 IX, 352, 1896 (Nambe form; ^cWa =' people' ). 



Saamen. A Salish tribe on Kwalekum 

 r., E. coast of Vancouver id. They speak 

 : the Puntlatsh dialect. Probably iden- 

 tical with the Qualicum cited below, who 

 numbered 14 in 1909. 



Kwa-le-cum.— Can. Ind.Aff. 1880,316,1881. Kwan- 

 le-cum.— Ibid., 308, 1879. Qualicum.— Ibid., pt. ll, 

 164, 1901. Quawlicum.— Ibid., 120. 1880. ftuhli- 

 cum. — Ibid., map, 1891. Saamen. — Boas, MS., B. A. 

 E., 1887. 



Sabassa. A collective term applied to 

 the Indians of Laredo and Principe chan- 



nels, Brit. Col. By Kane it was made 

 to include the Kitkatla, Kitkahta, and 

 Neeslous of the Tsimshian, and the 

 Kitamat and Kitlope of the Kwakiutl. 

 Sabassa.— Dunn, Hist. Oreg., 273, 1844. Sabassas 

 Indians.— Kane, Wand, in N. A., app., 1859. Se- 

 bassa. — Dunn, op. cit. 



Sabeata. A Jumano (Tawehash) chief 

 from the mouth of the Rio Conchos in 

 Chihuahua, born in NewMexico. In Oct. 

 1683, he went to Paso del Norte, Texas, and 

 asked Gov. Cruzate for missions for his 

 peo pie and their friends, and for protection 

 against the Apache. His native name was 

 Sabeata, but he had been baptized Juan, 

 at Parral. It was his story of tlie "great 

 kingdom of the Texas" that led to Do- 

 mingo de Mendoza's expedition to the 

 interior of Texas in 1683-84. Sabeata ac- 

 companied the expedition, but before it 

 returned he gained the ill-will of the 

 Spaniards and absconded. Meanwhile 

 missions were established for his people 

 at the mouth of the Conchos (Mendoza, 

 Viage, 1683-84, MS. in Archivo Gen.). 

 In 1691 Sabeata was met on the Rio 

 Guadalupe at the head of a band of his 

 people on their annual buffalo hunt. He 

 still carried his Spanish commission as 

 "governor," and he asked Massanet for 

 more missionaries (Massanet, Diario que 

 hicieron los padres misioneros, Mem. de 

 Nueva Espana, xxvii, 98-103, MS. ) . His 

 name appears also as labiata, Safiata, 

 and Saveata. _ (h. e. b. ) 



Sabino. An Abnaki village in 1608 at 

 the mouth of Kennebec r., Me., probably 

 on the w. side of the main channel. 

 Sabino.— Strachev (1618) in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., 

 Ill, 301, 1853. S'ebanoa.— Sewell, ibid., vn, 304, 

 1876 (the chief). Sebeno.— Ballard in Rep. U. S. 

 Coast Snrv. 1868, 257, 1871 (trans. ' where the river 

 makesintotheland'). Sebenoa. — Strachey (1618) 

 in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., ni, 301, 18.53. 



Sable. One of the divisions of the Ot- 

 tawa. Toward the close of the 17th cen- 

 tury they were settled at Mackinaw, 

 Mich. 



Gens du Sable.— Bacqueville de la Potherie, iv, 

 59, 17.53. Outaouak of the Sable.— Doe. of 1095 in 

 N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ix, 627. Is.'iS. Outaoiiasina- 

 gouc— Jes. Rel. 1667, 17, 1858. Sables.— Doc. of 

 1698, ibid., 683. Sablez.— Bacqueville de la Poth- 

 erie, IV, 94, 1753. 



Saboba. A Luisefio village, said to have 

 been the principal one of San Jacinto res., 

 Cal. Though Luiseno, the dialect differs 

 somewhat from that at San Luis Rey. 

 San Jat'into res., established 6 m. from 

 San Jacinto, consists of 2,960 acres of 

 poor, almost waterless land. The original 

 dwellings of the Saboba people were 

 jacales, but these gave place in turn to 

 adobe and frame houses. They gain a 

 livelihood chiefly by laboring for white 

 people, and by cultivating the 150 acres of 

 irrigable land contained in their reserva- 

 tion. Saboba village contains a Catholic 

 church, and a Government school that 

 was the first to l)e established among the 

 s. California Indians. The Saboba peo- 



