BULL. 30] 



SAN FRANCISCO SOLANO 



437 



bay. The country was explored and the 

 Sonoma valley favorably reported. The 

 cross was first planted July 4, 1823, but 

 work did not begin until Aug. 25, when 

 a party arrived from San Francisco. Ob- 

 jections were raised to the transfer, how- 

 ever, and it was finally compromised by 

 founding a new mission, the old ones not 

 being disturbed. Neophytes were to 

 be allowed to go to the new mission from 

 San Francisco, San Rafael, and San Jos6, 

 provided they originally came from the 

 Sonoma region, and new converts might 

 come from anywhere, but no force was 

 to be used. The mission church, 24 by 

 105 ft, was dedicated, Apr. 4, 1824, to 

 San Francisco Solano. To avoid confu- 

 sion it was commonly called Solano, and 

 later Sonoma. At the close of 1824 there 

 were 693 neophytes, of whom 322 had 

 come from San Francisco, 153 from San 

 Jose, 92 from San Rafael, and 96 were 

 baptized at the new mission. In 1830 

 there were only 760 neophytes, though 

 650 had been baptized, and as only 375 

 had been buried, many must have run 

 away. The highest number, 996, was 

 reached in 1832. The mission was not 

 particularly prosperous. The large stock 

 numbered 2,729 in 1830, small stock 

 4,000; but these numbers were about 

 doubled by 1834. The crops for several 

 years averaged more than 2,000 bushels. 

 There were 650 neophytes in 1834. The 

 total number of baptisms was 1,312, of 

 whom 617 were children. The mission 

 was secularized in 1835-36 under Vallejo 

 and Ortega. The movable property was 

 given the neophytes, who were free to go 

 where they pleased. Owing to troubles 

 with hostile Indians they seem later to 

 have restored their stock to the care of 

 Vallejo, who managed it for the general 

 welfare. Affairs seem to have prospered 

 under his care, and Bancroft estimates 

 that in 1840 there were still 100 ex-neo- 

 phytes at Sonoma and 500 others in the 

 neighborhood. Vallejo conducted sev- 

 eral campaigns against hostile Indiana. 

 The pueblo of Sonoma was organized in 

 1835. In 1845, when Gov. Pico was 

 planning the sale of the missions, Solano 

 was declared without value. The build- 

 ings and immediate grounds, of course, 

 as with all the missions, remained in the 

 possession of the church. In 1880 these 

 were sold, and for a time the old church 

 was used as a barn. In 1903 the old 

 buildings and grounds were purchased 

 by William R. Hearst and deeded to 

 the state of California. Some work has 

 since been done to preserve the build- 

 ings from further ruin. The Indians in 

 the neighborhood of this mission belong 

 to the Olamentke division of the Mo- 

 quelumnan family (q. v.), but many of 

 the neophytes came from more distant 



stocks, the Copehan especially being 

 well represented. The following names 

 of villages, taken from the mission 

 books, are given by Bancroft (Hist. 

 Cal., II, 506, 1886): Aloquiomi, Ateno- 

 mac, Canijolmano, Canoraa, Carquin, 

 Caymus, Chemoco, Chiclioyomi, Chocu- 

 yem, Coyayomi (or Joyayomi), Huiluc, 

 Huymen, Lacatiut, Linayto (Libayto?), 

 Loaquiomi, Locnoma, Malaca, Mayacma, 

 Muticolmo, Napato, Oleomi, Paque, 

 Petaluma, Polnomanoc, Putto or Putato 

 (Pulto or Pultatoor Pultoy = Putah cr. ?), 

 Satayomi, Soneto, Suisun, Tamal, Tla- 

 yacma, Topayto, Ululato, Utinomanoc, 

 Zaclom. (a. B. L. ) 



San Francisco Solano. A Franciscan 

 mission founded in March, 1700, s. of 

 the Rio Grande, below Eagle Pass, Texas. 

 In 1718 it was transferred to San An- 

 tonio, and refounded as San Antonio de 

 Valero (q. v.), now the famous Alamo 

 Mission. (h. e. b.) 



San Francisco Vizarron. A Franciscan 

 mission founded in 1737 in n. Mexico 

 among Coahuiltecan Indians (Portillo, 

 Apuntes, 313-17, 1888). The first tribes 

 gathered there were Piguiques and Pau- 

 sanes; later the Pasnacanes, Tinapihua- 

 yas, and Julimeiios followed. In 1754 

 the mission was involved in a bitter dis- 

 pute with the San Juan Capistrano mis- 

 sion over the Pamaques (Informe of 1754 

 in Mem. de Nueva Espaiia, xxvii, 307-11, 

 MS.). • (h. E. B.) 



San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas. 

 The first of three Franciscan missions 

 founded by the College of the Santa 

 Cruz de Queretaro in 1748-49 on San 

 Xavier (now San Gabriel) r., Texas, the 

 others of the group being San Ildefonso 

 and Nuestra Sefiora de la Candelaria. 

 Their location has not hitherto been defi- 

 nitely known, but the remains of the ir- 

 rigation plant connected with these mis- 

 sions were in 1907 identified ))y the writer 

 9 miles n. w. of Rockdale, Milam co. As 

 early as 1744 or 1745 Fr. Francisco Maria 

 Ano de los Dolores y Viana, missionary 

 at San Antonio de Valero, began making 

 visits to the tribes of central Texas, and 

 soon those of the San Xavier region asked 

 for missions in their own territory, al- 

 though they refused to enter the missions 

 at San Antonio (Arricivita, Cronica, pt. 

 II, 321-22, 1792; Decree of the Vicerov, 

 Mar. 26, 1751, MS. in Lamar Papers). 

 While the request was being considered 

 in Mexico, Fr. Dolores ministered to the 

 petitioners on the San Xavier and at- 

 tracted thither other tribes from the e. 

 and s. In Dec. 1746 three missions were 

 authorized, but they were not formally 

 established until 1748-49, the first one 

 (San Francisco Xavier) being founded 

 early in 1748. 



The records of these missions are highly 



