BULL. 30] 



SAN GABRIEL ARCANGEL SANGONA 



439 



in 1745, one of whicli was doubtless 

 Jacuenoacahel (q.v. )• The population 

 was 485 in 1768, including that of its sub- 

 ordinate villages. (a. s. g. ) 

 Biaundo.— Picolo iu Stoeklein, Neue Welt-Bott, 

 num. 72, p. 35, 1726. Francisco Xavier.— Venegas, 

 Hist. Cal., I, 259, 1759. Saint-Franfois-Xavier. — 

 Picolo (1702) in Lettres Editiantcs, ii, 63, IS^l 

 (Biaundo, or). Saint -Fran9ois-Xavier -de -Bia- 

 undo. — Picolo (1702), ibid., 62. San Francisco Jav- 

 ier.— Clavijero, Hist. Baja Cal., 109, 1852. San 

 Francisco Xavier. — Venegas, Hist. Cal., I, 261, 17.59. 

 San Francisco Xavier dd*Vigge. — Taylor quoted by 

 Browne, Res. Pae. Sloi>e, app., 49, 1.S69. San Javier 

 deVigge.— Clavijero, Hist. Baja Cal., 46, 1852. San 

 Xavier de Viaundo. — Venegas, op. cit., 264. San 

 Xavier de Vigge.— Ibid., 325. St. Xavier.— Ibid., 

 396. Vigge Biaundo.— Ibid., 258. 



San Gabriel Arcangel. The fourth Fran- 

 ciscan mission established in California. 

 It was founded Sept. 8, 1771, at a place 

 called by the natives Sibagna ( or Tobis- 

 cagna, according to Taylor, Cal. Farmer, 

 Feb. 22, 1860), a fertile and well- wooded 

 spot on a stream afterward known as San 

 Gabriel r. , in Los Angeles co. The party 

 with supplies had been sent up from San 

 Diego, and included 10 soldiers for the 

 protection of the new mission. The na- 

 tives were at first friendly, and assisted 

 in bringing timber and in helping to con- 

 struct the buildings and stockade. Fric- 

 tion soon arose with the Indians, how- 

 ever, probably due to the outrages of the 

 soldiers, andone nativechieftain wasshot. 

 Owing to these troubles with the natives 

 the number of soldiers was increased. 

 These seem to have been an unruly lot, 

 and their actions appear to have hindered 

 the early growth of the mission, the whole 

 number baptized during the first two 

 years being only 73. In Fr. Junfpero 

 Serra's first annual report of 1773 he de- 

 clared the native population in that re- 

 gion was larger than elsewhere, but that 

 the various villages were hostile to one 

 another, so that those near the mission, 

 for example, could not go ,to the sea for 

 fish. Situated as it was in a fertile region, 

 the agricultural returns seem to have been 

 very successful after the first year, so that 

 later San Gabriel frequently furnished the 

 other nnssions with supplies. Occupying 

 also a position where the overland route 

 from Sonora and the Colorado met that 

 from Lower California, it soon became one 

 of the most important of the missions. 

 The natives seem to have been soon con- 

 ciliated. The number of neophytes was 

 638 in 1783, and 1 ,040 in ] 7V)0. An upris- 

 ing of the natives, including the neo- 

 phytes, was threatened in 1785, but the 

 scheme was frustrated without bloodshed, 

 and the leaders were imprisoned. During 

 the following years San Gabriel continued 

 to flourish, despite the large number of 

 deaths among the neophytes, nearly as 

 many as the number of baptisms. There 

 were numerous reports of threatened hos- 

 tilities, butnothing serious occurred. The 

 haxsh treatment of the neophytes led 



many of them to escape, and some of these 

 doubtless plotted revenge. The greatest 

 number of neophytes, 1,701, was reached 

 in 1817, afterwhich there wasasomewhat 

 irregular but gradual decrease. The 

 largest crop, amounting to 29,400 bush- 

 els, was raised in 1821. Among indus- 

 trial experiments tried was a grist mill 

 (the building for which is still standing), 

 which, however, did not prove an entire 

 success, as after about two years its use 

 seems to have been abandoned. Later 

 another mill was built. There were four 

 chapels attached to this mission; that of 

 the pueblo of Los Angeles was dedicated 

 in 1822, though begun many years before. 

 The others were Puente, San Antonio de 

 Santa Ana, and San Bernardino (Gua- 

 chama). This last seems to have been es- 

 tablished about 1822 at the special request 

 of the natives, and flourished till about 

 1834, when it was destroyed by hostile In- 

 dians. In the latter year there were 1,320 

 neophytes. Up to that time 6, 81 4 natives 

 had been baptized, of whom 2,459 were 

 children. After secularization the wealth 

 of the mission rapidly decreased, thou- 

 sands of cattle being destroyed merely for 

 their hides and tallow, so that by 1840 

 the livestock had practically disappeared. 

 Most of the neophytes left the mission, 

 though in 1844, 300 were reported as help- 

 ing to attend the vineyards, all that was 

 left of the productive property. In 1846 

 Gov. Pico sold the mission for debt, but 

 the title was finally declared invalid. 

 Since 1850 the church has been a regular 

 parish church. The Indians in the neigh- 

 borhood of this mission belong to the Sho- 

 shonean linguistic family, and have been 

 given the collective name of Gabrielenos 

 (q. V. ) ; included among these are those at 

 San Fernando mission. There were also 

 many neophytes from the Serrano (q. v. ) 

 villages farther e., and probably repre- 

 sentatives of other groups also. The 

 names of the rancherias associated with 

 San Gabriel mission were: Acuragna, 

 Alyeupkigna, Awigna, Azucsagna, Ca- 

 huenga, Chokishgna, Chowigna, Cuco- 

 mogna, Hahaniogna, Harasgna, Houtgna, 

 Hutucgna, Isanthcogna, Maugna, Na- 

 caugna, Pascegna, Pasinogna, Pimoc- 

 agna, Pubugna, Sibagna, Sisitcanogna, 

 Sonagna, Suangna, Tibahagna, Tovis- 

 canga, Toybipet, Yangna. (a. b. l. ) 



SanGeronimo (Saint Jerome). A former 

 rancheria, probably of the Maricopa, situ- 

 ated 20 leagues from Merced and 27 leagues 

 from the Rio Gila, s. Arizona. It was 

 visited by Father Kino in Sept. 1700. 

 San Geronymo.— Venegas, Hist. Cal., I, 300, 1759. 

 S. Geronimo. — Bancroft, Ariz, and N. Mex., 359, 

 1889. 



Sangmisok. Asettlementof EastGreen- 

 land Eskimo near C. Farewell. — Ausland, 

 Lix, 161, 1886. 



Sangona ('shot at some white object'). 



