448 



SAN LUIS KEY DE FRANCIA SAN MAECOS 



[B. A. E. 



longed to the Chumashan (q. v.) linguis- 

 tic family, though speaking a dialect 

 rather different from the others. The 

 following are a few of the villages: Cha- 

 pule, Chiminer, Chofuate, De Impimu, 

 De Qmchechs, Lteguie, Sesjala, Sespala, 

 Tchena, Tgmaps, Walekhe (a. b. l. ) 



San Luis Rey de Francia (Saint Louis, 

 King of France, commonly contracted to 

 San Luis Rey). A Franciscan mission 

 founded June 13, 1798, in San Diego co., 

 Cal. It was the last mission established 

 in California s. of Santa Barbara, and the 

 last one by Fr. Lasuen, who was aided by 

 Frs. Santiago and Peyri. The native 

 name of the site was Tacayne. Occupy- 

 ing an intermediate position between San 

 Juan Capistrano and San Diego, it seems 

 to have been chosen chiefly because of 

 the great number of docile natives in the 

 neighborhood. On the day of the found- 

 ing, 54 children were baptized, and the 

 number of baptisms by the end of the 

 year reached 214. Fr. Peyri, the head of 

 the new mission, was most zealous and 

 energetic, the natives were willing to 

 work, and by July 1, 6,000 adobes were 

 made for the new church, which was 

 completed in 1802. Other buildings also 

 were constructed, and neophytes rapidly 

 gathered in, so that by 1810 the number 

 reached 1 , 519, a more rapid growth than 

 in any other mission, while the death-rate 

 was the lowest. The mission also pros- 

 pered materially, having in 1810, 10,576 

 large stock, 9,710 small stock, and an 

 average crop for the preceding decade of 

 5,250 bushels. During the next decade 

 the mission continued to prosper, the 

 population reaching 2,603 in 1820, while 

 the large stock numbered 11,852, the 

 small stock 13,641, and the average crop 

 was 12,470 bushels. In 1816 Fr. Peyri 

 founded the branch establishment, or 

 asistencia, of San Antonio de Pala, about 

 20 m. up the river. Here a chapel was 

 built, a padre stationed, and within a 

 year or two more than a thousand con- 

 verts gathered. The mission attained its 

 greatest prosperity about 1826, when it 

 had 2,869 neophytes, but from this time 

 it gradually declined. The mission lands 

 were extensive, including ranches at 

 Santa Margarita, Las Flores, Temecula, 

 San Jacinto, and Agua Caliente, all of 

 which were tended by the neophytes. 

 At the time of secularization in 1834 San 

 Luis Rey had the greatest number of 

 neophytes of all the missions, namely 

 2,844, and also the greatest number of 

 livestock. After secularization the de- 

 cline vs^as rapitl, both in population and 

 wealth. The Indians managed to retain 

 partial control of some of the mission 

 ranches for a few years longer, but soon 

 had to give them up. 



The total number of natives baptized up 



to 1834 was 5,401, of whom 1,862 were 

 children. In 1846 Gov. Pico sold what 

 was left of the mission buildings and 

 ground for $2,437. Their agent was dis- 

 possessed by Fremont, and during most 

 of 1847 the place was garrisoned by United 

 States troops. It was also held as a sub- 

 Indian agency for some time afterward. 

 As with the other missions, the title to 

 the buildings and the immediate grounds 

 was finally confirmed to the Catholic 

 Church. In 1892 the church was re- 

 paired, and the next year rededicated. 

 Other buildings also have been repaired 

 or rebuilt, and San Luis Rey is now a 

 college for the training of missionaries. 

 The chapel at Pala has likewise been 

 restored, and while the original inhabit- 

 ants have entirely disappeared, Pala has 

 recently become the home of the Hot 

 Springs Indians from Warner's ranch 

 (see Agua Caliente), having 252 inhabit- 

 ants in 1908. The Indians in the neigh- 

 borhood of the San Luis Rey mission 

 belong to the Shoshonean linguistic stock, 

 and have been given the collective name 

 of Luisefios (q. v.). (a. b. l. ) 



San Manuel (Saint Emanuel). A reser- 

 vation of 640 acres of worthless land, con- 

 sisting of dry hills, wdiich has been 

 patented to its 125 Mission Indian inhab- 

 itants; situated 10 m. from San Bernar- 

 dino, Cal.— Ind. Aff. Rep. 1902, 175, 1903; 

 ibid., 1903, 147, 1904; Kelsey, Rep. Cal. 

 Inds., 31, 1906. 



San Marcos (Saint Mark). A ruined 

 pueblo, 18 m. s. sw. of Santa F^, N. Mex., 

 which, according to Vetancurt, was for- 

 merly occupied by Keresan Indians. 

 Bandelier, however, makes the statement 

 that the aboriginal occupants were Tano, 

 although there may have been Keres 

 among them. A Spanish mission, with 

 600 neo])hytes, existed there at the time 

 of the Pueblo rebellion of 1680, having 

 as its visitas the pueblos of San Lazaro 

 and Cienega. The churches were de- 

 stroyed during the revolt, the mis- 

 sionary. Padre Tinoco, was killed while 

 at Galisteo, and the pueblo perma- 

 nently abandoned. Twelve years later 

 (1692), when Vargas visited the country, 

 the pue1)lo was in ruins, with only a few of 

 the walls standing. According to Meline 

 (Two Thousand Miles, 220, 1867), the 

 inhabitants joined the Tewa at San Juan. 

 The name San Marcos was first applied 

 by Caspar de Sosa in 1591. The pueblo 

 should not be confused with Kuakaa 

 (q. V. ), a prehistoric ruin 5 m. s. of Santa 

 F^, although San Marcos apparently bore 

 the same Tano name. (f. w. h.) 



Cua-ka. — Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, in, 

 125, 1890 (Tano name). Kua-kaa.-Ibid., iv, 92, 

 1892 (Tano name). Ku-kua.— Ibid., iii, 125. San 

 Marcos.— Sosa (l.'i91) in Doe. In6d., XV, 251, 1871. 

 Sant Marcos.— Onate (1598), ibid., xvi. 114, 1871. 

 S. Mark.— Bowles, Map America, 1784. SJ Marco. — 



