BULL. 30] 



SAUK 



477 



persistent in this matter; theyhad prophets 

 in the camp of the Sauk preaching restora- 

 tion of the old hunting grounds, the return 

 of the game, and the sudden miraculous 

 destruction of the whites; but when hos- 

 tilities began, their chief, Shabonee(q. v.), 

 was the iirst to warn the whites against the 

 Sauk. Among the Sauk at this time was 

 an able man of the Thunder clan known 

 to the whites under the name of Black 

 Hawk (q. v.). He was not a chief, but 

 had gained a good record for bravery 

 and leadership in war. He was deeply 

 religious, and thorouglily |)atriotic. He 

 had fought under Tecumseh and had be- 

 come iml)ued with some of the ideas of 

 the great Shawnee. About this man 

 rallied the hostile Sauk. He first tried 

 holding the Sauk in check until he could 



SAUK WOMAN 



count on the combined help of the Kick- 

 apoo and Foxes, but the fighting got un- 

 der way before he was ready. The Sauk 

 were thoroughly beaten, and sought 

 refuge among the Foxes in Iowa. Con- 

 siderable resentment was felt against the 

 Winnebago for having delivered Black 

 Hawk over to the whites when he had 

 come to them seeking refuge; and the 

 same feeling was entertained toward the 

 Potawatomi for going over to the whites. 

 For some time previous to this trouble 

 there had been intimate relationship 

 between the Sauk and these two tribes. 

 This conflict practically broke the power 

 of the Sauk and Foxes. They united 

 again in low'a, this time to avenge them- 

 selves against the Sioux, Omaha, and 

 Menominee, whom they chastised in lively 



fashion, but not enough to satisfy their 

 desires. So constantly harassed were the 

 Sioux that they finally left Iowa alto- 

 gether, and the Menominee withdrew 

 northward where they continued to re- 

 main. In 1837 the Sauk and Foxes made 

 the last of their various cessions of Iowa 

 lands, and were given in exchange a tract 

 across the Missouri in Kansas. Here 

 they remained practically as one people 

 for about 20 years. But internal dissen- 

 sions, due largely to Keokuk (q. v.), 

 were causing them to grow apart. They 

 maintained separate villages, the Sauk 

 in one and the Foxes in another. One 

 summer about the years 1857-59, the 

 leading Foxes returned from a buffalo 

 hunt and found that during their alisence 

 the Sauk had made a treaty with the 

 Government by the terms of which the 

 Sauk and Foxes were to take up lands in 

 severalty and sell the remainder, the 

 whole transaction having been nego- 

 tiated by whites to get possession of the 

 Indians' land for purposes of speculation. 

 The Fox chief refused to ratify the 

 agreement on behalf of the Foxes, and 

 for so doing was deprived of his chief- 

 tainship; but the Foxes did not recog- 

 nize the act of the agent deposing their 

 chief. In the fall the Fox chief went 

 away to Iowa, and with him most of the 

 Foxes. An incident occurring shortly 

 before this time, i. e., in 1854, had much 

 to do with hastening the departure of 

 many of the Foxes for Iowa. While on 

 a buffalo hunt a party of about 50 men 

 were attacked by a large force of Plains 

 Indians, consisting, it is said, of Chey- 

 enne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Comanche. 

 The Foxes were armed with "Kentucky 

 rifles," while the others had only bows 

 and arrows. Retreating upon a rise of 

 ground where approach was possible from 

 only one direction, the Foxes beat off 

 their assailants, inflicting heavy loss. 

 On their return home they became un- 

 easy lest the Government, on learning 

 the news of the slaughter, might deal 

 sternly with them, and so they quietly 

 stole off to Iowa. A few Foxes had 

 never gone to Kansas, but had remained 

 in Iowa. Some had returned before the 

 main exodus of 1859. They finally found 

 a place on Iowa r., near Tama City, 

 where they bought a small piece of land. 

 This has been added to from time to time 

 till they now have more than 3,000 acres 

 which they hold in common. They have 

 nothing more to do with the Sauk politi- 

 cally. In 1867 the Sauk ceded their 

 lands in Kansas and in exchange were 

 given a tract in Indian Ter. In 1 889 they 

 took up lands in severalty and sold the 

 remainder to the Government. 



Language. — It is not yet possible to 

 determine the dialectic position of the 



