484 



SCANONAETJ^RAT SOABTFICATION 



[b. a. e. 



heartening." Another result of Euro- 

 pean contact is the tendency to make 

 the houses smaller and the impairment 

 of the power of the head of the family. 

 From the earliest times "Europeans of 

 the working classes have intermarried 

 with native women, and formed their 

 household after the Greenland model, 

 with merely a few European improve- 

 ments." The presence of a few Scandi- 

 navian words, for example, kunia ' wife,' 

 in the jargcn of the Pt Barrow Eskimo 

 and whites, is due to Danish rather than 

 to Norse influence. Another Danish loan- 

 word employed in the east may be cited — 

 tupal-, 'tobacco.' 



Scandinavian influence is represented 

 also by the results of the Swedish set- 

 tlements in New Jersey during the period 

 1638-55, after the Swedes had driven out 

 the English colonists and befoi-e they 

 were themselves subjected by the Dutch 

 and succeeded by Lutheran missionaries. 

 As the labors of Campanius, Biorck, Hes- 

 selius, and others show, tlie Swedes came 

 into very close contact with the Indians 

 (Nelson, Ind. of New Jersey, 1894), and 

 the American dialect of Swedish adopted 

 several names of plants and animals from 

 the Indian tongues of the region. As 

 Nelson notes (ibid., 77), Biorck' s Dis- 

 sertatio Gradnalis, published in 1731, con- 

 tains valuable material bearing on the 

 subject of the religion of the tribes of 

 Delaware r. 



Consult, in addition to the works above 

 cited, Durrett in Filson Club Pub. 23, 1908; 

 Egede, Description of (Greenland, 1745; 

 Fischer, Discoveries of the Norsemen in 

 America, 1903; Fowkein Am. Anthr., ii, 

 1900; Iowa Jour. Hist, and Pol , iii, no. 

 1, 1905; Leland, Algonquin Legends, 1885; 

 Stefiinsson in Am. Anthr., viii, no. 2, 

 1906. (a. F. c.) 



Scanonaenrat. A former Huron village 

 situated between Nottawasaga bay and L. 

 Simcoe, Simcoe co., Ontario. It was oc- 

 cupied by the Tohontaenrat, one of the 

 four Huron tribes. The Jesuit mission of 

 St Michel was established there. In 

 1649, on the overthrow of the Hurons, 

 the Tohontaenrat abandoned their vil- 

 lage in a body and were incorporated 

 with the Seneca. (j. n. b. h. ) 



Sainct Michel.— ,Tes. Rel. 1641, 81, 1S.5S. Scanona- 

 enrat.— Ibid, 163(5, 77, 1.S5S. Scanonaentat.— Ibid. 

 1639, 72, 1.^58. Scanonaerat. — Sliea quoted by 

 Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, iv, 204, 1S54. Scanona- 

 henrat. — Champlain, CEuvres, :v, 30, note, 1870. 

 Scanouaenrat.— Jes, Rel. 1635. 35, 1858. St. 

 Michael's.— Shea, Cath. Miss., 192, 1855. 



Scarface Charley. A celebrated warrior, 

 best known through his connection with 

 Capt Jack, or Kintpuash, during the Mo- 

 doc war of 1873. By the natives he was 

 known as Chikchikam-Lupalkuelatko, 

 meaning ' wagon scar-faced,' whence the 

 name by which he was known to the 

 whites by reason of a disfigurement caused 



by his having been run over by a mail 

 stage when a child. Capt Jack spoke of 

 him as a relative, but it is said also that 

 he was a Rogue River Indian of the Tip- 

 soe Tyee (Bearded Chief's) band and 

 joined Capt Jack some years prior to the 

 war of 1873, when 22 years of age. Scar- 

 face was among those who taunted Jack 

 when, after the first attack and repulse 

 of the white soldiers, he was disposed 

 to enter into a treaty of peace. When 

 the Modoc became angered during Judge 

 Steele's last visit to them in the lava- 

 beds, Scarface and Capt Jack saved the 

 life of Steele by guarding him during the 

 night; and when Odeneal and Dyar vis- 

 ited the Modoc, Jan. 27, 1873, on behalf 

 of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 

 Scarface would have killed them on the 

 spot had he not been restrained by Jack. 

 He was also the first to fire on the troops 

 when Capt Jackson attempted the arrest 

 of Jack's band on Jan. 28. 



Rev Dr Thomas, who was killed in the 

 peace commission massacre, on the day 

 before his death called Scarface Charley 

 the "Leonidas of the lava-beds." He 

 was never known to be guilty of any act 

 not authorized by the laws of legitimate 

 warfare, and entered his earnest protest 

 against the killing of Gen. Canby and Dr 

 Thomas. He led the Modoc against Maj. 

 Thomas and Col. Wright when the troops 

 were so disastrously repulsed with a loss of 

 about two-thirds in killed and wounded. 

 Wearied of the slaughter, he is said to have 

 shouted to the survivors, "You who are 

 not dead had better go home; we don't 

 want to kill you all in a day ! " Later he 

 said, "My heart was sick at seeing so 

 many men killed." 



Scarface Charley was one of the wit- 

 nesses called to testify in behalf of the 

 Modoc prisoners during their trial in July 

 following. He was sent with other pris- 

 oners successively to Ft D. A. Russell, 

 Wyo., Ft McPherson, Neb., and the Qua- 

 paw agency, Ind. Ter., where he died 

 about bee. 3, 1896. For his portrait, see 

 3fodoc. 



Scarification. Scarification consists in 

 cutting the skin with any suitable in- 

 strument for the 25urpose of extracting 

 blood, producing suffering, or bringing 

 about a scar. It is known among proba- 

 bly all American tribes from remote an- 

 tiquity. Its ol)jects were (1) medicinal, 

 a small or a moderate ciuantity of blood 

 being drawn ]>riucipally for the purpose 

 of relieving local pain; (2) ceremonial, or 

 emotional; and (.3) cosmetic. 



IVIedicinal scarification was widely prac- 

 tised among the Indians of North Amer- 

 ica from prehistoric times, and was much 

 in favor; it is still observed by some of 

 the tribes of northern and southwestern 

 United States. The ceremonial form, 



