490 



SCRUNIYATHA SCULPTURE AND CARVING 



[k. a. k. 



Quartz Scr*per 

 Col. (1-2) 



war and the chase. In their use they 

 have much in common with the knife, 

 the gouge, and the adz, as well as with 

 the abrading implements proper, by the 

 aid of which objects of many kinds were 

 given their final shape and finish. Any 

 sharp-edged stone or 

 fragment of bone, shell, 

 or hard wood could be 

 employed in sharpening 

 or treating materials less 

 refractory than them- 

 selves. Stone was of 

 most general applica- 

 tion, and fragments and 

 flakes of suitable shape were selected and 

 used or were modified by chipping to 

 increase their effectiveness. The most 

 common form was made from a substan- 

 tial flake, straight or slightly concave on 

 one side and convex on the other, by 

 removing a few 

 chips around tiie 

 broad end on the 

 convex side, thus 

 giving a keen, 

 curved scraping 

 edge. Another 

 variety is shaped 

 like a short- 

 bladed spear- 

 head, with stem or notches for hafting, 

 the edge, generally rounded in outline, 

 being either beveled or sharpened equally 

 from both sides. In many cases broken 

 spearpoints and knives were sharpened 

 across the bro- 

 ken end by the 

 removal of a 

 few flakes, giv- 

 ing the neces- 

 sary scraping 

 edge. These 

 im piemen ts 

 werehaftedby 

 inserting the 

 stem in the end of a piece of wood or 

 bone, and fixing it with some kind of 

 cement, or by attaching it with cords or 

 thongs to the properly notched end of the 

 handle. With some of the tribes, espe- 



QUARTZITE SCRAPE 



OF Scraper in 

 Sioux 



HiDE-DRESSII 



ESKIMO SCRAPER; LENGTH, 6 IN. (mURDOCh) 



cially the Eskimo, the handle was elabo- 

 rated in various artistic ways to fit the 

 hand and to accommodate the thumb and 

 fingers; and on the plains the years of 

 children were recorded by means of tally 

 marks on the handle. Scrapers shaped 



in part or in whole by pecking and grind- 

 ing are common. Many of these take the 

 celt or adz form, being beveled after the 

 manner of the latter, with which imple- 

 ment, in both form and 

 use, they impercepti- 

 bly blend. Among the 

 uses of the scraper that 

 of dressing hides prolj- 

 ably took first place 

 d^eeSkin-dressing). But 

 its services in shaping 

 many varieties of ar- 

 ticles of wood, bone, 

 horn, antler, shell, an(l 

 soft stone were varied 

 and important. 



Scrapers are describ- 

 ed, among others, by 

 Boas in 6th Rep. B. A. 

 E., 1888; Fowke in 13th 

 Rep. B. A. E., 1896; 

 Holmes in 15th Rep. 

 B. A. E., 1897; Jones, 

 Antiq. So. Inds., 187.'!; 

 Moorehead, Prehist. 

 Impls., 1900; Murdoch in 9th Rep. B. A. 

 E., 1892; Nelson in 18th Rep. B.'A. E., 

 1899; Niblack in Rep. Nat. Mus. 1886, 

 1889; Ran in Smithson. Cont., xxir, 1876; 



UDSON Bay Eskim 

 Scraper, (turner) 



Central Esk!mo Scrapers: a, Stone; b, Sheet Tin. (boas) 



Thruston, Antiq. Tenn., 1897; Turner in 

 11th Rep. B. A. E., 1894. (w. h. h.) 



Scruniyatha. See Half King. 



Sculpture and Carving. The sculptural 

 arts in their widest significance may be 

 regarded as including the whole range 

 of the nonplastic shaping arts, their proc- 

 esses and jiroducts; but as here con- 

 sidered thej' relate more especially to the 

 higher phases of the native work, those 

 which rise above the mere utilitarian 

 level into the realm of esthetic expres- 

 sion, thus serviiig to illustrate the evo- 

 lution of sculpture the fine art. The 

 shaping arts in nonplastic materials, in 

 their ethnological and technical bear- 

 ings, are treated under appropriate heads 

 (see. Bone-work, Shell-work, Stone-ivork, 

 Wood-work). The native tribes n. of 



