492 



SOUP SCUPPAUG^ 



[E. A. E. 



Stone Pipe; Ohio: height, 

 (squier and Davis) 



stone. In these the forms of various 

 quadrupeds, reptiles, and birds were 

 executed in such close approximation to 

 nature that in some cases the species can 

 be recognized with reasonable certainty 

 (Henshaw). In no section, so far as can 

 be determined, was portraiture of the 

 human face very successfully attempted, 

 and the idea of statuary for statuary's 

 sake had probably not been conceived. 

 The life forms shaped were generally the 

 embodiment of mythic personages or 

 beings of importance in the mythology of 

 the people. They 

 are fon'efully, but 

 formally or conven- 

 tionally, i)resented. 

 It is believed that 

 the native artist 

 drew, modeled, or 

 carved not with the 

 subject before him, 

 but relying upon 

 the traditional con- 

 ception of the par- 

 ticular subject, the mythological charac- 

 ters being of greater importance to him 

 than the literal or specific rendering of 

 any original. The shortcomings of these 

 sculptures as works of representative art 

 were thus not due to lack of capacity to 

 imitate nature correctly, but resulted 

 rather from the fact that exact imitation 

 of nature was not essential to the native 

 conception of the requirements of the art 

 (Squier and Davis, Schoolcraft, Henshaw, 

 Thomas ) . The carvings in bone and shell 

 of these tribes present few art features 

 of particular inter- 

 est, excepting in 

 the designs which 

 were engraved 

 on gorgets and 

 other forms of i)er- 

 sonal ornaments. 



Technologically 

 considered, sculp- 

 ture includes all 

 representative 

 work in the round 

 and in relief of all 

 degrees, the lower 

 forms connecting 

 with the bolder 

 phases of the engraver's art (see Engrav- 

 ing). In the period liefore the arrival of 

 the whites the shaping processes em- 

 ployed implements of stone chiefly, but 

 copper and bone were employed to some 

 extent. These tools, however, were more 

 efficient than those unacquainted with 

 their operation would at first imagine. 

 The brittle materials were shaped by 

 fracturing with stone hammers and by 

 pressure with implements of bone or horn. 

 Hard and tough stones were reduced by 

 pecking with stone hammers and by saw- 



ing and drilling with wood and bone or 

 copper tools, aided by fine sand, but soft 

 stones, such as steatite, were cut with 

 stone saws, chisels, and knives. The 

 forms were elaborated and specialized by 

 grinding and finished bv rubbing. (See 

 Art.) 



Native sculpture is referred to and 

 somewhat fully illustrated in numerous 

 works: Ann. Archfpol. Kep. Ontario, 

 1888-1906; Boas in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., IX, 1897; xv, pt. 1, 190] ; Gushing 



STONE VESSEL; ALA. DIAM. OF BOWL, 113-4 IN. (mOORe) 



in Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, xxxv, 1897, 

 Dellenbaugh, North Americans of Yester- 

 day, 1901; Fowke, Archa?oI. Hist. Ohio, 

 1902; Henshaw, Holmes, Thomas, Fowke, 

 Gushing, Stevenson, Fewkes, Boas, Tur- 

 ner, Nelson, Murdoch, Dall, in Rep. ^. 

 A. E. ; Jones, Antiq. So. Inds., 1873; 

 McGuire in Am. Anthr., Oct. 1894, 

 Moore, in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ; 

 Moorehead, Prehist. Impls., 1900; Rau 

 in Smithson. Gont. Knowl., xxii, 1876; 

 Schoolcraft, Ind. 

 Tribes, 1851-57; 

 Smith in Bull. Am. 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 XX, 1904; Squier 

 and Davis, Ancient 

 Monuments, 1848; 

 Swan in Smithson. 

 Gont. Knowl., xxi, 

 1874; Terry, Sculp- 

 tured Anthropoid 

 Ape Heads, 1891; 

 Thruston, Antiq. of 

 Tenn., 1897; Boas, Wilson, Hoffman, 

 Hough, Niblack, in Rep. Nat. Mus. and 

 Smithson. Inst. (w. h. h. ) 



Scup. See Scxppaug. 



Scuppaug. A name current in parts of 

 New England, Rhode Island in particular, 

 for the porgy (Pagrns argyrop!^), a fish of 

 the Atlantic Goast waters, known also as 

 scup, a reduction of scuppaug, which is 

 itself a reduction of mishcup-pa'O.og (plu- 

 ral of mishcup, q. v.), called breame in 

 the Narraganset vocabulary of Roger 

 Williams (1643). The word scuppaug 

 appears also as skippaug, ( a. f. c. ) 



Deer head of wood; Florida, 

 (gushing) 



