BCLL. 30] 



SHAHALA SHAH APT! AN FAMILY 



519 



each, escorted by 2 noncommissioned 

 officers and 11 privates under the com- 

 mand of Ensign Nathaniel Pryor, who, 

 as a sergeant, had accompanied the expe- 

 dition of Lewis and Clark. There 

 ascended the Missouri at the same time a 

 deputation of 24 Sioux, including 6 chil- 

 dren, who were provided with a separate 

 escort; and also 2 trading parties, one of 

 which, consisting of 82 men under Pierre 

 Chouteau, was designed to traffic with 

 the Mandan. The expedition proceeded 

 slowly up the Missouri, reaching the 

 lower Arikara village on Sept. 9, where 

 it was learned that the Mandan and the 

 Arikara were at war. The demand of 

 the chief of the upper Arikara village 

 that Shahaka go ashore with him being 

 refused, the Indians became insolent and 

 aggressive, and afterward opened fire on 

 the boats, which was returned. Pryor 

 then ordered a retreat downstream, but 

 the Indians followed along shore, killing 

 one of the Sioux, mortally wounding one 

 of Chouteau's men, and wounding sev- 

 eral others, including Jessaume. Pryor 

 now proposed to Sliahaka that they at- 

 tempt to cover the i-est of the distance — 

 about 3 days' journey — by land, but this 

 the INIandan refused to do on account 

 of the incumbrance of the women and 

 children and the wounded condition of 

 their interpreter, whereupon the party 

 returned to St Louis. By an agreement 

 entered into with the Missouri Fur Co. in 

 the spring of 1808 for the safe conduct of 

 the Indians to their home, another expe- 

 dition, consisting of about 150 men hav- 

 ing Shahaka and his companions in 

 charge, started from St Louis about the 

 middle of May 1809, and although the 

 Sioux at first showed a disposition to be 

 troublesome the Arikara were found to 

 be friendly and the party reached its des- 

 tination Sept. 24, laden with presents. 

 Shahaka fell into disrepute among his 

 people by reason of what were regarded 

 as extravagant tales of his experiences 

 among the whites. He was killed in a 

 fight with the Sioux on an occasion wlien 

 he went out to watch his people drive 

 them off. Shahaka's wife was Yellow 

 Corn; his son was White Painted House, 

 whose son was Tobacco, whose son (Sha- 

 haka's great grandson) is (tun that Guards 

 the House, who is still living and who 

 preserves, with Shahaka's meclal bearing 

 date 1797, the story of his great grand- 

 father's exploits. Consult Grig. Jour. 

 Lewis and Clark, passim, 1904-5; Chit- 

 tenden, Am. Fur Trade, 1902; Coues in 

 Annals of Iowa, 'M s., i, 613, 1895; 

 Brackenridare, Views of La., 1814; Brad- 

 bury, Travels, 2d ed., 1819; N. Dak. Hist. 

 Soc. Coll., II, 470-473, 1908. (f. w. h. ) 



Shahala {Saxafa, 'above'). A name 

 given by Lewis and Clark to the Chinook- 



an tribes living on Columbia r. from 

 Sauvies id. to the Cascades in Oregon. 

 They estimated the nundjer at 2,800, in 

 62 houses, and mention the folhnving 

 tribes: Neerchokioon, Clahclellah, Wah- 

 clellah, and Yehuh. Katlagakya was 

 the native name for the Indians of tliis 

 region. See Wutlala. (l. f. ) 



Cath-le-yach-e-yachs. — Ros.f, Adventures, 111, 1849. 

 Katlagakya. — Framboise quoted by Gairdner in 

 Jour. Geog. Soe. Lend., xi, 255, 1841." Sah-halah.— 

 Orig. .Tour. Lewis and Clark, iv, 2.52, 19U5. Sax- 

 ala.— Boas, inf'n, 1905. Shahala.— Orig. Jour. 

 Lewis and Clark, vi, ti7, 1905. Shahalahs.— Am. 

 Pioneer, ii, 191, 1843. Shahana. — Kelk-y, Oregon, 

 68, 1830. Shah-ha-la.— Orig. Jour. Lewis and 

 Clark, IV, 236, 1905 (also Sh;ih-ha-la, p. 223). 

 Sha-la-la.-Gibbs in Pac. R. R. Rep., I, 417, 1855 

 (error). 



Shahanik {Sha^xant.r, 'little rock'). A 

 village of the Nicola band of Ntlakyapa- 

 muk near Nicola r., 16 m. above Spences 

 Bridge, Brit. Col.; pop. 81 in 1901, the 

 last time the name appears. 



Ca'xanix. — Teit in Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., n, 

 174, 1900. CqokunQ.— Hill-Tout in Rep. Ethnol. 

 Surv. Can., 4, 1899. Shahahanih.— Can. Ind. .\flf., 

 308,1887. Shahshanih.— Ibid. ,2(19, lSs9. Sh-ha-ha- 

 nih.— Ibid., 196, 1885. Shhahanik.— Ibid., pt. n, 166, 

 1901. 



Shahaptian Family (from Sdptini, pi. 

 Sdhaptiiii, the Salish name for the Nez 

 Perces). An important linguistic family 

 occupying what is now s. w. Idaho, s. e. 

 Washington, and n. e. Oregon. The 

 earlier territory of the Shahaptian tribes 

 extended from the Rocky mts. to the Cas- 

 cade range, and from the Yakima r. basin 

 to the Blue mts. of Oregon. This territory 

 was overstepped at various times, particu- 

 larly by the Klikitat in the w., who 

 crossed the Cascades and occupied the 

 headwaters of Cowlitz, Lewis, and White 

 Salmon rs., and even pushed temporarily 

 as fars. as Willamette valley after the de- 

 population of that region by fever in 1829 

 (see Chinookan). Along Columbia r. Sha- 

 haptian villages extended nearly to The 

 Dalles, where they were checked by the 

 Chinook, who had pushed to that point 

 from the coast. To the e. occasional hunt- 

 ing parties crossed the Rockies, but no 

 permanent settlements were formed. 

 (Consult the linguistic map in Part 1. ) 



The Shahaptian family is well defined 

 linguistically, except possibly in its south- 

 ern habitat where it may prove to ])e con- 

 nected with the Waiilatpuan and Shastan 

 families, and possibly the Lutuamian. In 

 customs and habits its tribes wei'e fairly 

 homogeneous. Family organization was 

 loose and showed no traces of a clan sys- 

 tem. Village communities of varying size 

 were the rule, but were prevented from 

 normal development by the seasonal 

 changes of residence necessitated by the 

 character of the food supply. Chiefs 

 were local in authority except in times 

 of emergency. Salmon was the staple 

 article of food, but at the time of the 

 Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804-05 



