524 



SHAMAPA SHAMOKIN 



[b. a. e. 



ing it into a theocratic oligarchy. The 

 rain priesthood is a body almost entirely 

 composed of men whose duty it is by 

 secret prayers and fasts to bring plentiful 

 supplies of rain. Tlie priesthood of the 

 bow is really a war society whose cere- 

 monies are held to give thanks for abun- 

 dant crops, or, alter a scalp had been 

 taken, to bring about rain through the 

 pleasure that the taking of this scalp 

 gives to the anthropic gods, the control- 

 lers of the rain. The two head priests 

 of the bow and the rain priests of the six 

 cardinal points form the fountain head 

 of all authority and the court of last ap- 

 peal in Zuni. Each of the^e, except the 

 priest of the zenith, has several assistants, 

 and the priestess of fecundity, the female 

 assistant of the priest of the north, who 

 stands highest in rank, possesses very 

 great authority. Below these are the 

 society of Kotikilli and the esoteric so- 

 cieties. All male Zuili and very rarely 

 some females are admitted into the for- 

 mer, which deals directly with the an- 

 thropic gods and whose ceremonials are 

 for the purpose of bringing rain. The 

 esoteric societies, however, have to do 

 mainly with the zoic or beast gods and 

 are primarily healing societies. A pa- 

 tient may be treated by them at the time 

 of the ceremonies or he may send for a 

 single member. These societies also hold 

 very important ceremonies to bring rain, 

 but they effect this mediately through 

 the influence which the beast gods are 

 supposed to exert upon the anthropic 

 gods. The active members of these so- 

 cieties, including the Kotikilli also, in 

 contradistinction to the rain and war 

 priests, are called by a special name "the- 

 urgists," but their functions approach 

 nearer to those of priests than of sha- 

 mans (Stevenson). 



Consult Bartram, Travels, 1791; Boas, 

 Bourke, Gushing, Dorsey, Hoffman, 

 Mooney, Kussell, and Mrs Stevenson in 

 Reps. B. A. E. ; Boas in Reps. Brit. Asso. 

 Adv. Sci.; Boas in Rep. Nat. Mus. 1895, 

 1897; Brinton, The Lenape and their 

 Legends, 1885; Chamberlain in Jour. Am. 

 Folk-lore, xiv, no. 53, 1901; Curtis, N. 

 Am. Ind., 1907-09; Cushing in Pop. Sci. 

 Mo., June 1882; Dixon in Jour. Am. Folk- 

 lore, XVII, no. 64, 1904; (iatschet. Creek 

 Migr. Leg., i, ii, 1884-88; Goddard, Life 

 and Culture of the Hupa, 1908; Krause, 

 Tlinkitlnd., 1885; Kroel)erin Am. Anthr., 

 IV, 2, 1902; Teit in Mem. Am. Nat. Hist., 

 II, no. IV, 1900; Teit and S wanton in 

 Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, ii and v, 

 1905. (j. R. s.) 



Shamapa. A tribe, band, or village of 

 the ancient Powhatan confederacy, on 

 Pamunkey or York r., Va., numbering 

 about 500 early in the 17th century. — 

 Strachey (1612), Va., 62, 1849. 



Shamokin (probably from Lenape 

 SMiinokenk, 'where horns, or antlers, are 

 plenty.' — Gerard). The largest and most 

 important Indian settlement in Penn^l- 

 vania after the dispersion of the Dela- 

 wares and during the first half of the 

 18th century. The old Indian village 

 was situated a short distance from the 

 forks of the Susquehanna, on the n. e. 

 branch. Later the settlement was on both 

 sides of the river, including the island, at 

 the site of Sunbury, Northumberland co. 

 Before the historic period the location 

 had evidently been a stopping place for 

 the Iroquois on returning from their 

 raids into the country of the Cherokee 

 and Catawba. Here they met, as they 

 did in later days, to hold their last cel- 

 ebration before their return to their vil- 

 lages in New York. It was the most 

 strategic location in the province for 

 an Indian settlement, since from this 

 point all the region of the Potomac, the 

 Delaware, and the Ohio could be easily 

 reached; to gain the Ohio country but a 

 short portage was necessary from Carioe 

 Place to Kittanning. The forks of the 

 Susquehanna thus l)ecame the point of 

 convergence of the various trails leading 

 to the Potomac, Wyoming, and the Ohio. 

 The population was made up of Dela- 

 wares, Shawnee, and Iroquois. The 

 Shawnee came into the province from the 

 S. in 1698, and soon began to settle along 

 the Susquehanna and its branches. By 

 1727, when they first commenced to go 

 westward to the Ohio, a larg » number of 

 them was settled at Shamokin. In the 

 following year the Onondaga council ap- 

 pointed Shikellamy (q. v.) to act as the 

 deputy of the Iroijnois at Shamokin, with 

 instructions to have special oversight of 

 the Shawnee (Archives Pa., i, 228, 1852). 

 From this time until 1755 Shamokin was 

 regarded as the Indian capital of the 

 province; it was not only headquarters 

 of the Iroquois influence, but also was the 

 residenceof AUummapees, the "king" of 

 the Delawares. At the council in Phila- 

 delphia in the summer of 1742 the va- 

 rious disputes concerning land sales on 

 the Susquehanna were brought up by the 

 Delawares. In a stinging reply to the 

 Delaware complaints, Canassatego, the 

 Iroquois chief, ordered the Delawares to 

 remove from their lands to Shamokin or 

 Wyoming and to have nothing whatever 

 to do with the sales of lands in the future 

 (Col. Rec. Pa., iv., 579-80, 1851). They 

 never forgot this reproach, and went to 

 Shamokin and Wyoming to consider their 

 wrongs and to listen to the Shawnee war- 

 riors who were seeking to have them re- 

 move to the Ohio. Count Zinzendorf, 

 under the guidance of Conrad Weiser, 

 visited Shamokin in the fall of 1742, 

 where he met Shikellamy, with whom 



