BULL. 30] 



SHAWNEE 



535 



were assisted by the Chickasaw. From the 

 statement of Il)erville in 1702 (Margry, 

 D^c, IV, 519, 1880) it seems that this 

 was due to the latter' s efforts to ))ring 

 them more closely under French influ- 

 ence. It is impossible now to learn the 

 cause of the war between the Shawnee 

 and the Cherokee. It probably did not 

 begin until after 1707, the year of the 

 final expulsion of the Shawnee from 

 South Carolina by the Catawba, as there 

 is no evidence to show that the Cherokee 

 took part in that struggle. From Shaw- 

 nee tradition the quarrel with the Chick- 

 asaw would seem to be of older date. 

 After the reunion of the Shawnee in the 

 N. they secured the alliance of the Dela- 

 wares, and the two tribes turned against 

 the Cherokee until the latter were com- 

 pelled to ask peace, when the old friend- 

 ship was renewed. Soon after the com- 

 ing of Charleville, in 1714, the Shaw- 

 nee finally abandoned the Cumberland 

 valley, being pursued to the last moment 

 by the Chickasaw. In a council held at 

 Philadelphia in 1715 with the Shawnee 

 and Delawares, the former, "who live at 

 a great distance," asked the friends^hip 

 of the Pennsylvania government. These 

 are evidently the same who al)out this 

 time were driven from their home on 

 Cumberland r. On Moll's map of 1720 

 we find this region marked as occupied 

 by the Cherokee, while "Savannah Old 

 Settlement" is placed at the mouth of 

 the Cumberland, indicating that the re- 

 moval of the Shawnee had then been 

 completed. They .stopped for some time 

 at various points in Kentucky, and per- 

 haps alsoatShawneetown, 111., butfinally, 

 about the year 1730, collected along the 

 N. bank of the Ohio r., in Ohio and Penn- 

 sylvania, extending from the Allegheny 

 down to the Scioto. Sawcunk, Logs- 

 town, and Lowertown were probably 

 built about this time. The land thus oc- 

 cupied was claimed by the Wyandot, who 

 granted permission to the Shawnee to 

 settle upon it, and many years afterward 

 threatened to dispossess them if they 

 continued hostilities against the United 

 States. They probably wandered for some 

 time in Kentucky, which was practically 

 a part of their own territory and not oc- 

 cupied by any other tribe. Blackhoof 

 (Catahecassa), oneof their mostcelebrated 

 chiefs, was born during this sojourn in a 

 village near the present Winchester, Ky. 

 Down to the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, 

 Kentucky was the favorite huntingground 

 of the tribe. In 1748 the Shawnee on the 

 Ohio were estimated to number 162 war- 

 riors or about 600 souls. A few years 

 later they were joined by their kindred 

 from the Susquehanna, and the two 

 bands were united for the first time in 

 history. There is no evidence that the 



western band, as a body, ever crossed to 

 the E. side of the mountains. The nature 

 of the country and the fear of the Catawba 

 would seem to have forbidden such a 

 movement, aside from the fact that their 

 eastern brethren were already beginning 

 to feel the pressure of advancintr civili- 

 zation. The most natural line of migra- 

 tion was the direct route to the upper 

 Ohio, where they had the protection of 

 the Wyandot and Miami, and were within 

 easy reach of the French. 



For a long time an intimate connection 

 existed between the Creeks and the 

 Shawnee, and a body of the latter, under 

 the name of Sawanogi, was permanently 

 incorporated with the Creeks. These 

 may have been the ones mentioned by 

 Penicaut as living in the vicinity of Mobile 

 about 1720. Bartram (Travels, 464, 

 1792), in 1773, mentioned this band 

 among the Creeks and spoke of the re- 

 semblance of their language to that of 

 the Shawnee, without knowing that they 

 were a part of the same tribe. The war 

 in the N. W. after the close of the Revo- 

 lution drove still more of the Shawnee to 

 take refuge with the Creeks. In 1791 

 they had 4 villages in the Creek country, 

 near the site of Montgomery, Ala., the 

 principal being Sawanogi. A great many 

 also joined the hostile Cherokee about 

 the same time. As these villages are not 

 named in the list of Creek towns in 1832 

 it is possible that their inhal)itants may 

 have joined the rest of their tribe in the 

 W. before that period. There is no good 

 evidence for the assertion by some writers 

 that the Suwanee in Florida took its name 

 from a band of Shawnee once settled upon 

 its banks. 



The history of the Shawnee after their 

 reunion on the Ohio is well known as a 

 part of the history of the Northwest ter- 

 ritory, and may be dismissed with brief 

 notice. For a period of 40 years — from 

 the beginning of the French and Indian 

 war to the treaty of Greenville in 1795 — 

 they were almost constantly at war with 

 the Fnglish or the Americans, and dis- 

 tinguished themselves as the most hostile 

 tribe in that region. Most of the expe- 

 ditions sent across the Ohio during the 

 Revolutionary period were directed 

 against the Shawnee, and most of the de- 

 struction on the Kentucky frontier was 

 the work of the same tribe. When driven 

 back from the Scioto they retreated to 

 the head of the INIiami r., from which the 

 Miami had withdrawn some years before. 

 After the Revolution, finding themselves 

 left without the assistance of the British, 

 large numbers joined the hostile Chero- 

 kee and Creeks in the S., while a con- 

 siderable body accepted the invitation of 

 the Spanish government in 1793 and set- 

 tled, together with some Delawares, on a 



