536 



SHAWNEE 



[B. A. E. 



tract near Cape Girardeau, Mo., between 

 the Mississippi and the Whitewater rs., 

 in wliat was then Spanish territory. 

 Wayne's victory, followed by the treaty 

 of Greenville in 1795, put an end to the 

 long war in the Ohio valley. The Shaw- 

 nee were obliged to give up their terri- 

 tory on the Miami in Ohio, and retired 

 to the headwaters of the Auglaize. The 

 more hostile part of the tribe crossed the 

 Mississippi and joined those living at Cape 

 Girardeau. In 1798 a part of those in 

 Ohio settled on White r. in Indiana, 

 by invitation of the Dela wares. A few 

 years later a Shawnee medicine-man, 

 Tenskwatawa (q. v.), known as The 

 Prophet, the brother of the celebrated 

 Tecumseh (q. v.), began to preach a new 

 doctrine among the various tribes of that 

 region. His followers rapidly increased 

 and establishetl themselves in a village 

 at the mouth of the Tippecanoe r. in 

 Indiana. It soon became evident that 

 his intentions were hostile, and a force 

 was sent against him under Gen. Harri- 

 son in 1811, resulting in the destruction 

 of the village and the total defeat of the 

 Indians in the decisive battle of Tippe- 

 canoe. Tecumseh was among the Creeks 

 at the time, endeavoring to secure their 

 aid against the United States, and re- 

 turned in time to take command of the 

 N. W. tribes in the British interest in the 

 War of 1812. The Shawnee in Missouri, 

 who formed about half of the tribe, are 

 said to have had no part in this strug- 

 gle. By the death of Tecumseh in this 

 war the spirit of the Indian tribes was 

 broken, and most of them accepted terms 

 of peace soon after. The Shawnee in 

 Missouri sold their lands in 1825 and re- 

 moved to a reservation in Kansas. A 

 large part of them had previously gone 

 to Texas, where they settled on the head- 

 waters of the Sabine r., and remained 

 there until driven out about 1839 (see 

 Clierokee). The Shawnee of Ohio sold 

 their remaining lands at Wapakoneta and 

 Hog Creek in 1831, and joined those in 

 Kansas. The mixed band of Seneca and 

 Shawnee at Lewistown, Ohio, also re- 

 moved to Kansas about the same time. 

 A large part of the tribe left Kansas 

 about 1845 and settled on Canadian r., 

 Indian Ter. (Oklahoma), where they are 

 now known as Absentee Shawnee. In 

 1867 the Shawnee living with the Seneca 

 removed also from Kansas to the Territory 

 and are now known as Eastern Shawnee. 

 In 1869, by intertribal agreement, the 

 main body became incorporated with the 

 Cherokee Nation in the present Okla- 

 homa, where they are now residing. 

 Tho.se known as Black Bob's band re- 

 fused to remove from Kansas with the 

 others, but have since joined them. 



The Shawnee have 5 divisions, which 

 may be regarded as phratries, or perhaps 



as originally distinct tribes, and the mem- 

 bers of these divisions occupied different 

 sides of the council house in their public 

 assemblies. Their names are Chilahcahtha 

 (Chillicothe), Kispokotha (Kispogogi), 

 Spitotha (Mequachake?), Bicowetha (Pi- 

 qua), and Assiwikale (Hathawekela). 

 The villages of the tribe have generally 

 taken their names from these divisions. 

 The Woketamosi division mentioned by 

 Heckewelder is probably one of these, 

 but is not the Piqua. 



According to Morgan (Anc. Soc, 168, 

 1877) the Shawnee have 13 clans, as fol- 

 lows: M'-wa-w;i', wolf; Ma-gwii^, loon; 

 M'-kw:i^, bear; We-wil^-see, buzzard; 

 M'-se^-pa-se, panther; M'-ath-wa^, owl; 

 Pa-la- wil', turkey; Psake-the', deer; Sha- 

 pii-ta^, raccoon; Na-ma-thii', turtle; Ma- 

 na-to^, snake; Pe-sa-wii', horse; Pii-tilke- 

 e-no-the^, rabbit. The Turtle clan occu- 

 pies an important place in their mytho- 

 logic traditions. At a conference in 1793 

 the Shawnee signed with the snake totem. 



The early estimates of the numbers of 

 the Shawnee are only partial, owing to 

 the fact that the tribe was not united. 

 The highest estimate given is that of 

 1817, which places them at 2,000 souls. 

 Others are 1,750 (1732); 1,000 (1736); 

 1,500 (1759, 1765, 1778, 178.3, 1794, 1812); 

 1,900 on Auglaize r. (1794); 1,600 (1812; 

 one-half in Missouri). In 1909 the East- 

 ern Shawnee numbered 107; the Absentee 

 Shawnee 481; and tho.se incorporated 

 with the Cherokee Nation about 800, 

 making, with a few individuals, resident 

 Cherokee, a present total of about 1,400 

 for the tribe, a considerable decrease in 

 the last twenty years. 



The following were the Shawnee vil- 

 lages so far as recorded: BuUtown, Cata- 

 wissa, Chillicothe (several), Conedogwi- 

 nit, Cornstalk's Town, Girty's Town, 

 Grenadier Squaw's Town, Hog Creek, Ka- 

 goughsage, Kickenapawling, Lewistown 

 (with Mingos), Lick Town(?), Logstown 

 (with others). Long Tail, Lowertown, 

 Mequachake (several), Nawake(?), Old 

 Shawnee Town, Peixtan (?), Pigeon 'Town, 

 Piqua ( Pequea; several ), Prophet's Town, 

 Sawanogi, Scoutash, Shawneetown (111.), 

 Sonnioto, Standing Stone, Tippecanoe, 

 Wapakoneta, Will's Town. (j. m. ) 



Ani'-Sa-wanu'gi. — Mooney in' 19th Rep. B. A. E., 

 509,1900 (Cherokee name). Cacahouanous. — .loutel 

 (1687) in French, Hist. Coll. La., I, 185, 1846 (iden- 

 tical?). Cawala.— Dorsey, inf'n, 1886 (Sioux name 

 for the Shawnee; applied also to a Teton division 

 descended from an adopted Shawnee chief; r=sh). 

 Cawana.— Dorsey, Dhegiha MS. diet., 1878; Osage 

 MS. vocab., 1883, B. A. E. (Omaha, Ponca, and 

 O.sagename; r=.s^). Chaganons. — Tonti (ftt. 1680) 

 in French, Hist. Coll. La., i, 69, 1846 (misprint). 

 Chaguanos. — Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, I, 336, 1841 

 (Spanish form). Chanousanons. — Letterof 1756 in 

 N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., x, 469, 1858 (misprint). 

 Chaonanons.— Domenech, Deserts, i, 440, 1860 (mis- 

 print). Chaoni.— Vater, Mith., pt. 3, sec. 3, 351, 

 1816. Chaouannons.— Montreal Conf. (1756) in 

 N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., x, 506, 1858. Chaouanon.— 

 Gravier (1670) in Jes. Rel., ni, 91, 1858. Chaoua- 



