544 



SHEMAUKAN 



[B. A. E. 



studied and described, but have received 

 casual attention by a number of authors 

 (Foster, MaximiUan, Stelle, Lyell, Mac- 

 Lean, Thruston, Jos. Jones, Thomas, Mc- 

 Whorter). Midden deposits do not occur 

 to any great extent about the shores of 

 the Great Lakes or along the rivers of the 

 middle west and the Rocky mtn. region, 

 but are numerous and important on the 

 Pacific coast. Between s. California and 



PARTIAL SECTION OF THE POPES CREEK SHELL-HEAP. SHOWING 



THE UNIFORM Character of the shells 



Alaska the shells are the mussel, oyster, 

 clam, haliotis, nautilus, and other less con- 

 spicuous varieties (Bancroft, Dall, Eella, 

 Schumacher, Yarrow, Yates, and authors 

 in Univ. Cal. Pub. in Am. Archeeol. and 

 Ethnol.). 



The shell-heaps of Alaska have been 

 described by Dall and are remarkable as 

 representing 3 successive periods of occu- 

 pancy: the first, designated the littoral 

 period, is characterized by the almost ex- 

 clusive use of the Echinus drobachiensis 



and the absence of human handiwork; 

 the second is called the fishing period, 

 the deposits being composed largely of 

 fish bone and containing traces of very 

 primitive forms of stone implements; and 

 the third is called the hunting period, in 

 which the food supply was much varied, 

 including prominently the game animals 

 of the region, the culture having ap- 

 proached that of the Alaskan tribes of the 

 historic period. The deposits are numer- 

 ous, but do not compare in extent with 

 those of the more southerly shores. Dr 

 Dall, weighing the evidence carefully, 

 reaches the conclusion that a period ap- 

 proximating 3,000 years is represented. 



Consult Abbott, Prim. Indust., 1881; 

 Bancroft, Native Races, v, 1882; Brinton, 

 Floridian Peninsula, 1859; A. W. Chase, 

 Oregon Shell Mounds (MS. in B. A. E.); 

 H. E. Chase in Smithson. Rep. 1882, 

 1884; Gushing in Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 

 XXV, 1896; Dall in Cont. N. A. Ethnol., i, 

 1877; Fewkes in Am. Antiq., xviii, 1896; 

 Foster, Prehist. Races, 1878; Holmes in 

 Am. Anthr., ix, no. 1, 1907; C. C. Jones, 

 Antiq. So. Inds., 1873; J. M. Jones in 

 Foster's Prehist. Races, 1878; Jordan in 

 The Archeologist, iii, 1895; Le Baron in 

 Smithson. Rep. 1882, 1884; Lyell, Second 

 Visit to the U. S., 1849; Matthew in Bull. 

 Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, no. iii, 

 1884; McGuire in Trans. Anthr. Soc, 

 Wash., 1880; McLean in Smithson. Rep. 

 1882, 1884; McWhorter in Smithson. Rep. 

 1874, 1875; Mercer in Pub. Univ. Pa., vi, 

 1897; Moore, (1) various memoirs in Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894-1910, (2) in 

 Am. Nat, xxvi, no. 311, 1892; Nelson 

 in Univ. Cal. Pub., Am. Arch, and 

 Eth., VII, nos. 4-5, 1909-1910; Peale in 

 Smithson. Rep. 1872, 1873; Rau in Smith- 

 son. Rep. 1864, 1865, and in Smithson. 

 Cont., XXV, 1884; Reynolds in Trans. 

 Anthr. Soc. Wash., 1880, and in Am. 

 Anthr., ii, no. 3, 1889; Schumacher in 

 Smithson. Rep. 1874, 1875; Smith in Mem. 

 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, Anthr. ser. in, 

 1903; Stelle in Smithson. Rep. 1870, 1871; 

 Thomas in 12th Rep. B. A. E., 1894; 

 Thruston, Antiq. Tenn., 1897; Vanuxem 

 in Proc. Am. Asso. Geol., 2d sess. 1841, 

 1843; Wvman (1) in Am. Nat., ii, nos. 8 

 and 9, 1868, (2) in Mem. Peabody Acad. 

 Sci., I, no. 4, 1875; Yarrow in Surv. W. 

 100th Merid., vii, 1879. (w. h. h.) 



Shemaukan {Shimdgdn, 'lance,' 

 'sword.' — Gerard). The largest of the 

 Cree bands in 1856, at which period they 

 occupied 350 tipis. They roamed and 

 hunted in the Cypress and Prickly-pear 

 mts., s. w. Assiniboia, Canada, but occa- 

 sionally visited Missouri r. for trade. 

 They took their name from a chief, oth- 

 erwise known as The Lance. 

 She-mau-kau,— Hayden, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. 

 Val., 237, 1862 (misprint). 



