556 



SHOSHONI 



[b. a. e. 



Chemehuevi: Chemehuevi, Kawaiisu, Pai- 

 ute, Panamint, Ute, and some of the Ban- 

 nock; {h) SI iosiwni- Comanche: Comanche, 

 Gosiute, Shoshoni: (c) Mono-Padotso: Mo- 

 no, Paviotso, part of the Bannock, and the 

 Shoshoneans of e. Oregon. 



III. Kern River Shoshoneans. 



IV. Southern California Shosho- 

 neans: (a) Serrano, (b) Gabrieleno, (c) 

 Luiseflo-Kawia: Agna Caliente, Juaneno, 

 Kawia, Luiseno. 



For the smaller divisions see under the 

 several subordinate heads. 



The genetic relationship of the Shosho- 

 nean languages with those of the Piman 

 and Sonoran group, and of the Nahuatl 

 or Aztec group in Mexico, was investi- 

 gated by Buschmann in the middle of the 

 last century. Powell has since regarded 

 the Shoshonean group as constituting 

 a distinct family, but others, including 

 Brinton, Chamberlain, and Kroeber, have 

 maintained that it is only part of a larger 

 family, which they have designated Uto- 

 Aztekan. 



In addition to the writings cited below, 

 consult Kroeber, Shoshonean Dialects of 

 California, Univ. Cal. Pub., Am. Archseol. 

 and EthnoL, iv, no. 3, 1907. (h. w. h. ) 

 >Shoshonees. — Gallatin in Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc, 

 II, 120,133, 306, 1836 (Shoshonee or Snake onlv); 

 Halein U. S. Expl. Exped.,vi,218, 1846{VVihinasht, 

 Pdnasht, Yutas, Sampiches, Comanches); Gallatin 

 in Trans. Am. Ethnol. Soc, ii, pt. l,c,77, 1848 (as 

 above). Gallatin, ibid., 18, 1848 (follows Hale; see 

 below); Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, in, 

 402,1853; Turner in Pac. R. R. Rep., ni,pt.3,55,71, 

 76, 1856 (treats only of Comanche, Chemehuevi, 

 Cahuillo) ; Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 

 652, 649, 1859. >Shoshoni.— Hale in U. S. Expl. 

 Exped., VI, 199, 218, 569, 1846 (Shosh6ni, Wihinasht, 

 Ptaasht, Yutas, Sampiches, Comanches); Latham 

 in Trans.Philol. Soc. Lond., 73,1856; Latham, Opus- 

 cula, 340, 1860. >Schoschonenu Kamantschen. — 

 Berghaus (1845), Phvsik. Atlas, map 17, 1848; ibid., 

 1852. >Shoshones,— Prichard, Phys. Hist. Man- 

 kind, V. 429, 1847 (or Snakes, both sides Rocky 

 mountains and sources of Missouri). ^Shoshoni.— 

 Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 154, 1877; Gatschet in 

 Beach, Ind. Miscel., 426, 1877. <Shoshone.— Keane 

 in Stanford, Compend.,Cent.and So. Am.,app.,460, 

 477, 1878 (includes Washoes of a distinct family); 

 Bancroft, Nat. Races, in, 567, 661, 1882. >Snake.— 

 Gallatin in Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc, ii, 120, 133,1836 

 (or Shoshonees); Hale in U.S. Expl. Exped., vi, 

 218, 1846 (as under Shoshonee); Prichard, Phys. 

 Hist. Mankind, V, 429, 1847 (as under Shoshones); 

 Turner in Pac. R. R. Rep., in, pt. 3, 76, 1856 (as un- 

 der Shoshonees); Buschmann, Spuren deraztek. 

 Sprache, 552, 649, 1859 (as under Shoshonees). 

 <Snake. — Keane in Stanford, Compend., Cent, 

 and So. Am.,app., 477,1878 (contains Washoes in 

 addition to Shoshonean tribes proper). >Kizh. — 

 Hale in U. S. ExdI. Exped., vi,569, 1846 (San Gabriel 

 language only). >Netela.— Hale, ibid., 569,1846 

 (San Juan Capestrano language). >i'aduca. — 

 Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind, v, 415, 1847 (Cu- 

 manches, Kiawas, Utas); Latham, Nat. Hist. Man., 

 310,326,1850; Latham (1853) in Proc. Philol. Soc. 

 Loud., VI, 73, 1854 (includes VVihinast, Shoshoni, 

 Uta); Latham in Trans. Philol. Soc Lond., 96, 1856; 

 Latham.Opuscula, 300.360,1860. <Paduca.— Lath- 

 am, Nat. Hist. Man., 346,18.50 (Wihinast, Bonak.s, 

 Diggers, Utahs, Sampiches, Sho.shonis, Kiaways, 

 Kaskaias?, Keneways?, Bald-heads, Cumanches, 

 Navahoes, Apaches," Carisos): Latham, El. Comp. 

 Philol . , 440, 1862 (defines area; cites vocab!!. of Sho- 

 shoni, Wihinasht, Uta, Comanch, Piede or Pa-uta, 

 Chemuhuevi, Cahuillo, Kioway, the latter not be- 

 longinghere). >Cumanches.— Gallatin in School- 



craft, Ind. Tribes, in, 402, 1853. >Netela-Kij.— 

 Latham (1853) in Trans. PhiloLSoc. Lond., vi,76, 

 1854 (composed of Netela of Hale, San Juan Capis- 

 trano of Coulter, San Gabriel of Coulter, Kij of 

 Hale). >Capistrano.— Latham in Proc. Philol. Soc 

 Lond., 85, 1856 (includes Netela of San Luis Rev 

 and San Juan Cupistrano, the San Gabriel or Kij of 

 San Gabriel and San Fernando). =Shoshonean, — 

 Powell in 7th Rep. B. A. E., 108, 1891. 



Shoshoni. The most northerly division 

 of the Shoshonean family. They for- 

 merly occupied w. Wyoming, meeting the 

 Ute on the s., the entire central and 

 southern parts of Idaho, except the terri- 

 tory taken by the Bannock, n. e. Nevada, 

 and a small strip of Utah w. of Great 

 Salt lake. The Snake r. country in 



URIEWISHI, A SHOSHONI 



Idaho is, perhaps, to be considered their 

 stronghold. The northern bands were 

 found by Lewis and Clark in 1805, on 

 the headwaters of the Missouri in w. 

 Montana, but they had ranged previously 

 farther e. on the plains, whence they 

 had been driven into the Rocky mts. 

 by the hostile Atsina and Siksika, who 

 already possessed firearms. Nowhere 

 had the Shoshoni established themselves 

 on the Columbia, although they reached 

 that river on their raiding excursions. 



The origin of the term Shoshoni ap- 

 pears to be unknown. It apparently is 

 not a Shoshoni word, and although the 

 name is recognized by the Shoshoni as 

 applying to themselves, it probably origi- 



