BULL. 30] 



SICHTEYHACKY SIGNALS 



565 



Mindeleflf in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 62, 1891. Sickmu- 

 nari.— Ten Brocck (1852) in Donaldson, Moqui 

 Pueblo Inds., 26, 1893. Sionimone.— Fewkes in 

 17th Rep. B. A. E., 642, 1898 ('Zuni court': Tewa 

 name, because of its resemblance to Zuiii). Si- 

 tchom-ovi. —Stephen in Douald.son, Moqui Pu- 

 eblo lud.'^., 14, 1893. Sitcomovi. — Fewke.s in Am. 

 Anthr., vii, 394, 1893. Si-tcum'-o-vi.— Fewkes, 

 ibid., V, 106, 1892. Siwinna. — Bancroft, Ariz, and 

 N. Me.K., 137, 1889 (misquoting Whipple). Su- 

 chongnewy. — Bourke, Moquis of Ariz., 226, 1884. 

 Tsitsumevi. — Loew (1875) in Wheeler Surv. Rep., 

 VII, 345, 1879. Tsi-tsumo-vi. — Loew in Pop. Sci. 

 Month., V, 352, Julv 1874. Tsitumovi.— Gatschet 

 in Mag. Am. Hist., 260, Apr. 1882. 



Sichteyhacky (prob. 'place of salt.' — 

 Hewitt). A former village on Long id., 

 N. Y., probably near the w. end (Doc. 

 of 1645 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., xiv, 

 60, 1883) . Evidently distinct from Seca- 

 toag, q. V. 



Sicobutovabia. A former rancheria, ap- 

 parently Papago, visited by Kino and 

 Mange in 1701 ; situated on the Rio Sa- 

 lado, 20 m. below Sonoita, in n. w. So- 

 nora, Mexico. 



Sicobutovabia. — Kino (1701) cited by Bancroft, 

 No. Mex. States, i, 495, 1884. Totonat.— Ibid. 



Siconesses (perhaps from tschiconesink, 

 ' where it was forcibly taken away ' ). A 

 division of the New Jersey Delawares 

 formerly living on the e. bank of Dela- 

 ware r. , a short distance above the present 

 Salem, N. J. 



Seckoneses.— Sanford, U. S., cxlxi, 1819. Sickoney- 

 sincks.— Alrichs (1659) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., 

 II, 71, 1858. Siconescinque. — Van Sweeringen 

 (1684), ibid., in, 342, 1853. Siconysy.— De Laet 

 {ca. 1633) in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., 2d s., I, 315, 

 1841. Sikonesses. — Evelin (1648) quoted by Proud, 

 Penn., i, 113, 1797. 



Sicoroidag. A Maricopa rancheria on 

 the Gila r., Ariz., below Tucsani, in 

 Spanish colonial times. Cf. Sibagoida. 

 Sicoroidag. — Kino, map (1701), in Bancroft, Ariz, 

 and N. Mex., 360, 1889. S. Matthoeus de Sicor- 

 oidag.— Kino, map (1702), in Stocklein, Neue 

 Welt-Bott, 74, 1726. 



Sidara. The chief Sidarumiut village, 

 between Wainwright inlet and Pt Belch- 

 er, Alaska. They formerly lived at Nu- 

 naria. 



Sedard.— Baker, Geog. Diet. Alaska, 560, 1906 

 (quoted form). Sedars. — Ibid. Sezaro. — Ibid. 

 Sida'ru.— Murdoch in 9th Rep., B. A. E., 44, 1892. 



Sidarumiut. A tribe of Eskimo w. of 

 Pt Barrow, Alaska. They have much 

 social intercourse with the Nuwukmiut, 

 with whom they intermarry frequently. 

 In 1890 they numbered 47. The villages 

 are Atnik, Attenok, Charnrokruit, Nuna- 

 ria, Perignak, Pinguishuk, Sidaru. 



Setorokamiut. — 11th Census, Alaska, 162, 1893. 

 Sezaro Mutes. — Kelly, Arct. Eskimos, map, 1890. 

 Sidaru. — 11th Census, Alaska, 154, 1893. Sida'run- 

 miun.— Murdoch in 9th Rep. B. A. E., 44, 1892. 



Siechem {Sie^tcEm, 'sandy'). ASquaw- 

 mish village community on the right 

 bank of Squawmisht r., Brit. Col. — Hill- 

 Tout in Rep. Brit. A. A. S., 474, 1900. 



Siemas. Mentioned as a Pueblo tribe 

 of New Mexico by Mota-Padilla (1742), 

 Hist. Nueva Galicia, 515, 1870. 



Sienite. A massive igneous rock, re- 

 sembling granite in appearance, but dis- 

 tinguished from it especially by the al- 

 most total absence of quartz in its compo- 



sition. It is heavy and tough, and thus 

 came to be used hy the aborigines for 

 the manufacture of their heavier imple- 

 ments, especially axes and the larger 

 hammers. (w. h. h. ) 



Sierra Blanca (Span. : ' white moun- 

 tain'). A Papago village, probably in 

 Pima CO., s. Ariz., with 50 inhabitants 

 in 1858. 



Sarra Blanco.— Davidson in Ind. Aff. Rep., 135, 

 1865. Sierra Blanca.— Bailey, ibid., 208, 1858. 



Signals. The system of long-distance 

 signaling in use among many tribes may 

 be regarded as supplementary to the sign 

 language (q. v.), and many of the signals 

 were but adaptations of the corresponding 

 gesture signs on a larger scale. Long- 

 distance signals were naturally most in 

 use and most highly systematized in the 

 open country of the plains and the S. W., 

 where the atmosphere is usually clear 

 and the view unobstructed, and to a lesser 

 degree along certain sandy beaches, as in 

 Florida; but were rarely used, and then 

 only in the simplest fashion, in the forest 

 region or along such shores as that of the 

 N. W. coast, where cloudiness was the 

 prevailing atmospheric condition. 



Signals were commonly conveyed by 

 means of smoke, fire, or the movements 

 of men either mounted or on foot. Their 

 most frequent purpose was to indicate 

 the presence of game or of danger, or to 

 define the intentions of an approaching 

 party. Signals by means of fires built at 

 convenient observation points were most 

 frequent at night and along the coast, and 

 were usually simple alarm fires, serving 

 rather to announce the event than to dis- 

 close its nature. The fire might mean 

 the stranding of a whale or the approach 

 of a boatload of strangers, and the watch- 

 ers in the distantvillage at once prepared 

 for either emergency, according to their 

 expectation. If they were on the look- 

 out for food or plunder they came pre- 

 pared; if they dreaded an enemy they 

 fled until they thought the danger had 

 passed. The narratives of the early ex- 

 plorers along the southern coasts make 

 frequent allusions to such signal fires. 

 Methodsof settingfire to an enemy's camp 

 or fortified village by means of lighted 

 combustibles attached to arrows were in 

 general use down to a recent period, but 

 the statement by one author that the 

 Sioux had an elaborate system of signal- 

 ing at night by means of fiery arrows re- 

 quires confirmation. 



Smoke signals by day were used over a 

 wide area of the western country, and 

 were reduced to a regular system- by 

 means of which many different details of 

 information could be conveyed across 

 miles of distance. The fire was built on 

 some commanding elevation, the com- 

 bustible used being damp grass, weeds, 

 cedar tops, or some similar material which 



