608 



SOACATINO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 



[b. a. e. 



Soacatino. A district visited by the 

 troops of Moscoso, of the De Soto expe- 

 dition, in 1542. It lay w. of Mississippi 

 r., bordering on the Eyeish and Ana- 

 darko, jirobably near the middle course 

 of Red r. The Spaniards exj)ected to 

 find a large and rich province, but it was 

 a thick forest, where the people lacked 

 food; hence they almndoned the hope of 

 reaching Mexico by land and returned to 

 the Mississippi. Tht^ natives evidently 

 belonged to the Caddoan family. Cf. 

 Doustioni. 



Soacatina. — Harris, Voy. and Trav., i, 810, 1706. 

 Soacatino.— Gentl. of Elvas (1557) in French, Hist. 

 Coll., La., II, 198, 1850. Xacatin.— Biedma in 

 Bourne, Narr. De Soto, ii, 37, 1904. Xuacatin.— 

 Biedma (1,544) in French, Hist. Coll. La., lI, 108, 

 1850. Xuacatino. — Ibid. 



Soapstone. See Steatite. 



Soba. A large body of Papago, named 

 after their chief, centering around Ca- 

 borca, n. w. Sonora, Mex., in the latter 

 part of the 17th century, when they were 

 said to number 4,000. They may have 

 been identical with the Piato. Their 

 other villages were Batequi, Mata, Pitic, 

 and San Ildefonso. (f. w. h. ) 



Sobas,— Kino (1G92) in Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., I, 

 226, 1856. Tobas.— Villa-Seiior, Theatro Am., ii, 

 391. 1748 (misprint). Zopex.— Burton (1847) in 

 Cal. Mess, and Corresp., 312, 18-50 (identical?). 



Sobaipuri. A Piman tribe formerly in- 

 haliiting the main and tributary valleys 

 of San Pedro and Santa Cruz rs., between 

 Ion. 110° and 111°, and the Rio Gila be- 

 tween the mouth of the San Pedro r. and 

 the ruins of Ca.sa Grande, and possibly 

 eastward of this area in s. Arizona. Mis- 

 sions were estal)lished among them by 

 the Spaniards in the latter part of the 

 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries 

 at Guevavi, Suamca, and San Xavier del 

 Bac, to which numerous visitas were 

 attached. According to Bourke "the 

 Apaches have among them the Tze-kinne, 

 or Stone-house people, descendants of the 

 cliff-dwelling S6l)aypuris, whom they 

 drove out of Aravypa caOon and forced 

 to flee to the Piinas for refuge about a 

 century ago" (Jour. Am. Folk-lore, 114, 

 Apr. -June 1890); and Bandelier (Arch. 

 Inst. Papers, iii, 102, 1890) states that 

 "the Apaches caused the Sobaypuris to 

 give up their homes on the San Pedro 

 and to merge into the Papagos. ' ' It would 

 seem, therefore, that the extinction of the 

 Sobaipuri as a tribe was due to depreda- 

 tions by the Apache and that their rem- 

 nant was absorbed by the Papago, their 

 western neighbors, of whom indeed they 

 may have been but a part. In later 

 years the Papago occupied at least one of 

 the former Sobaipuri towns — San Xavier 

 del Bac. 



Former settlements ascribed to the So- 

 baipuri are: Alamos, Aribaiba, Babisi, 

 Baicadeat, Busac, Camani, Causae, Comar- 

 suta,Esqugbaag, Guevavi, Jaumalturgo(?), 



Jiaspi, Muiva, Ojio, Optuabo, Quiburi, 

 Quiquiborica, Reyes, San Angelo, San 

 Clemente, San Felipe, San Salvador, 

 Santa Eulalia, San Xavier del Bac, So- 

 noita, Suamca, Tubo, Tumacacori, Turisai, 

 Tusonimon, and Tutoida. (f. w. h.) 

 Rsarsavina.— Russell, Pima MS., B. A. E., 16, 1902 

 ('spotted': Pima name). Sabagui, — Pimentel, 

 Lenguas de Mex., ii,94, 1865 (given as the name of a 

 Pima dialect; possibly Sobaipuri). Sebaipuris. — 

 Aguirre (1764) in Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., I, 125, 

 1856 (misprint; also Sobaipuris). Sobahipuris. — 

 Rudo Ensayo (1763), 17, 103, 1863. Sobaihipure.— 

 Pimentel, Lengua-;, i, 377, 1874. Sobaiporis. — De 

 I'Isle, Carte Mex. et Floride, 1703. Sobaipotis.— 

 Kino, map (1702) in Stocklein, Nene Welt-Bott, 74, 

 1726. Sobaipures.— Mota-Padilla (1742), Hist. 

 Conq. Nueva Galicia, 361, 1870. Sobaipuris. — 

 Kino (1692) in Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., i, 226, 1856. 

 Sobaipuris Pimas. — Villa -Seflor, Theatro Am., 

 II, 408, 1748. Sobaypures.— Venegas, Hist. Cal., II, 

 202, 1759. Sobaypuris.— Villa-Sefior, op. cit., 396. 

 Subaipures.— Arricivita. Cr6n. SerAf., ll, 410, 1792. 

 Subaipuris.— Garc^s (1776), Diary, 386, 1900. 



Soccorondo. A former rancheria, pre- 

 sumably Esselenian, connected with San 

 Carlos nnssion, Cal. — Taylor in Cal. Far- 

 mer, Apr. 20, 1860. 



Social organization. North American 

 tribes contained (1) subdivisions of a 

 geographic or consanguineal character; 

 (2) social and governmental classes or 

 bodies, especially chiefs and councils, 

 with particular powers and privileges; 

 and (3) fraternities of a religious or semi- 

 religious character, the last of which are 

 especially treated under Secret societies. 



Tribes may be divided broadly into 

 those in which the organization was loose, 

 the subdivisions being families or bands 

 and descent being counted prevailingly 

 in the male line, and those which were 

 divided into clearly defined groups called 

 gentes or clans, which were strictly 

 exogamic. Among the former may be 

 placed the Eskimo; the eastern branch 

 of the northern Athapascans; the Cree, 

 Montagnais, Nascapee, Micmac, and Chey- 

 enne, among the Algonquians; the north- 

 ern Caddoan tribes; the Kiowa; most 

 of the Shoshonean tribes; the Apache, 

 and nearly all of the peoples of California, 

 Oregon, Washington, s. Texas, and s. 

 British Columbia; among the latter the 

 Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian, Heiltsuk, and 

 western Athapascans; the Pueblos, Nav- 

 aho, a few s. California tribes, and the 

 majority of tribes in the Atlantic and 

 Gulf states. 



Where clans exist the distinctive char- 

 acter of each is very strongly defined, 

 and a man can become a member only 

 by birth, adoption, or transfer in infancy 

 from his mother's to his father's clan, or 

 vice versa. Each clan generally possessed 

 some distinctive tutelary from which the 

 majority of the persons belonging to it 

 derived their names, certain rights, carv- 

 ings, and ceremonies in common, and 

 often the exclusive right to a tract of land. 



Although the well-defined caste system 



