612 



SOCIETIES SOCOERO 



[b. a. e. 



war or peace rested directly with the in- 

 dividual towns. In cases where numbers 

 of towns decided to go to war together 

 they appointed a head war chief for 

 themselves. 



The Natchez were divided into two 

 castes, called by the French nobility and 

 puants. The first was again divided into 

 suns, nobles, and honored men, the indi- 

 viduals of each of which were 'com- 

 pelled to marry among thepuants. Chil- 

 dren of the women of the three noble 

 classes belonged to the class of the mother, 

 and children of the honored men hypuant 

 women also belonged to their mother's 

 class. Children oipuant women and sun 

 men, however, belonged to the middle 

 class of nobles, while children of puant 

 women and noble men belonged to the 

 honored. By the exhibition of superior 

 qualities a man could raise himself from 

 the puants as far at least as the middle 

 class of nobles. The highest chief, or 

 Great Sun, derived his power from the 

 mythic lawgiver of the nation. Thus the 

 state constituted a theocracy resembling 

 that of the Quichua of Peru. 



The most advanced social organization 

 north of the Pueblo country was probably 

 that developed by the Iroquois confeder- 

 ated tribes. Each tribe consisted of two 

 or more phratries, which in turn embraced 

 one or more clans, named after various 

 animals or objects, while each clan con- 

 sisted of one or more kinship groups 

 called ohwachira. When the tribes com- 

 bined to form the confederacy called the 

 Five Nations they were arranged in three 

 phratries, of two, two, and one tribes re- 

 spectively. There were originally 48 

 hereditary chieftainships in the five 

 tribes, and subsequently the number was 

 raised to 50. Each chieftainship was held 

 by some one ofnvaehira, and the selection 

 of a person to fill it devolved on the 

 child-bearing women of the clan to which 

 it belonged, more particularly those of 

 the ohwachira, which owned it. The se- 

 lection had to be confirmed afterward by 

 the tribal and league councils succes- 

 sively. With each chief a vice-chief was 

 elected, who sat in the tribal council 

 with the chief proper, and also acted as 

 a leader in time of war, but the chief 

 alone sat in the grand council of the 

 confederacy. See Clan and Gens; Oovern- 

 ment. 



Consult Boas, Dorsey, Murdoch, Nel- 

 son, Powell, Mrs Stevenson, and Turner 

 in Reports B. A. E. ; Boas (1) in Re- 

 ports Brit. A. A. S. from 1889; (2) in 

 Rep. Nat. Mus. 1895, 1897; Brinton, Le- 

 nape and their Legends, 1885; Gushing 

 in Pop. Sci. Mo., l, June 1882; Dixon in 

 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, xvii, pt. 3, 

 1905-- Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend, 



1884, 1888; Goddard, Life and Culture 

 of the Hupa, Univ. Cal. Pub., i, 1903; 

 Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales, 1892; 

 Krause, Tlinkitlnd., 1885; Kroeber (l)in 

 Am. Anthr., iv, no. 2, 1902, (2) in Bull. 

 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xviii, pt. 1, 1902; 

 Loskiel, Hist. Missions United Brethren, 

 1794; Matthews, Navaho Legends, 1897; 

 Morgan, Ancient Society, 1877; Morice in 

 Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., x, 1905; Powell 

 and Ingalls, Rep. regarding the Indians 

 of Utah, 1874; Teit in Mem. Am. Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., II, no. 4, 1900. (j. r. s.) 



Societies. See Medicine and Medicine- 

 men; Secret societies. 



Sockeye. One of the names of the Fraser 

 r. salmon, blueback, or redfish (Salmo 

 nerla) of the n. Pacific coast. The word 

 is a corruption by folk etymology of suk- 

 kegh, the name of this fish in one of the 

 Salishan dialects of the N. W. Pacific 

 coast. It is spelled also siigk-eye, sawk- 

 wei/, sauk-eye, etc., confirming the deri- 

 vation, (a. f. c.) 



Sockobeck. A village of the Powhatan 

 confederacy situated in 1608 on the n. 

 bank of Rappahannock r. in King George 

 CO., Va. — Smith (1629), Va., i, map, repr. 

 1819. 



Soco. A Calusa village on the s. w. 

 coast of Florida, about 1570. 

 Soco. — Pontaneda Memoir (m. 1576), Smith trans., 

 19, 1854. Sogo. — Fontaneda in Ternaux-Compans, 

 Vov., XX, 22, 1841. Togo.— Fontaneda as quoted 

 by Shipp, De Soto and Fla., 586, 1881. 



Socoisuka. Mentioned by Taylor (Cal. 

 Farmer, June 22, 1860) as a subdivision 

 of the so-called Thamien group of the 

 Costanoan Indians of the coast of central 

 California. 



Socorro (Span.: 'succor'). A former 

 pueblo of the Piro on the site of the 

 present town of Socorro, on the Rio 

 Grande in New Mexico. So named by 

 Oiiate, in 1598, because of the friendly 

 reception of the Spaniards by the inhabit- 

 ants, who gave them a large quantity of 

 corn. It was the seat of the Franciscan 

 mission of Nuestra Senora del Socorro 

 from 1626, and contained a church and 

 monastery. At the outbreak of the Pue- 

 blo revolt in 1680 its population was 600, 

 but most of the inhabitants followed the 

 Spaniards, with whom they were friendly, 

 to El Paso, and afterward established a 

 village bearing the same name (distin- 

 guished as Socorro del Sur) below that 

 place on the Rio Grande in Texas. The 

 walls of the old church were standing in 

 1692, and the ruins of the village were 

 still visible in 1725, but no trace of the 

 former settlement is now to be seen. Con- 

 sult Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, iv, 

 241 et seq., 1892. See also Piros, Pue- 

 blos, (p. w. n.) 

 N. D. du Secour. — Vangondy, Carte Amt>r., 1778. 

 Nra Sra del Socorro. — Benavides (1630) quoted by 

 Bancroft, Ariz, and N. Mex., 163, 1889. Pilabo.— 



