614 



SOKULK SOLDIEE 



[B. A. E. 



the reputation of being one of the bravest 

 men of his country, and he had a fine 

 manner, and all his gestures and move- 

 ments were grave and dignified, savage 

 though he was." The Sokoki are de- 

 scribed by Gorges in 1658 as enemies of 

 the Abnaki. They participated in King 

 PhiUp's war in 1675, and some of them 

 fled to Scaticook on the Hudson at its close. 

 In 1725 the rest of the tribe retired to St 

 Francis, Canada, with the Pequawket and 

 others. (j. m. c. t. ) 



AssokSekik.— Jes. Rel. for 1646, 3, 1858. Choua- 

 coet.— Jes. Rel. for 1611, 15, 1858. Onejagese.— Ft 

 Orange conf. (1663) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., xiii, 

 298,1881 (Iroquois name). Patsuikets.— Maurault, 

 Hist, des Abenakis, 5, 1866. Sacoes. — Willis 

 (1830) in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1,215, 1865. Saco 

 Indians. — Niles(ca. 1761) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 

 3d s., VI, 206,1837. Sawocotuck.— Smith (1629), Va., 

 n, 193, reprint of 1819. Soccokis. — Lahontan, New 

 Voy., I, 230, 1703. Soccoquis.— Monseignat (1689) 

 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ix, 471, 1865. Soccouky.— 

 Agean (1699) in Margry, D6c., vi, 115, 1886. Socke- 

 gones.— Gorges (1658) in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., vii, 

 99, 1876. Sockhigones.— Gorges (1658) in Mass. Hist. 

 Soc. Coll., 3ds., VI, 90, 1837. Socokis.— Drake, Bk. 

 Inds., bk. 3, 102, 1848. Socoquiois.— Jes. Rel. for 

 1643, 44,1858. Socoquis.— Talon (1670) in N. Y. Doc. 

 Col. Hist., IX, 66, 1855. Socoquois.— Doc. of 1696, 

 ^bid., 650. Sooouky.— Agean (1699) in Margry, 

 D6c., VI, 119, 1886. Sohokies.— Keane in Stan- 

 ford, Compend., 536, 1878 (misprint). Sokakies. — 

 Macauley, N. Y., II, 405, 1829. Sokokies.— Colden 

 (1727) quoted by Richard.son, Arct. Exped., ii, 39, 

 1851. SokoMois.— Jes. Rel. for 1643, 67, 1858. So- 

 kokis.— Cadillac (1694) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., 

 IX, 580. 1855. Sokoquiois.— Jes. Rel. for 1646, 3, 

 1868. Sokoquis.— French letter (1651) in N.Y'. Doc. 

 Col. Hist., IX, 5,1855. SokSakiaks. — Maurault, Hist, 

 des Abenakis, 5, 1866. Sokoueki. — Jes. Rel. for 

 1653, 26, 1858. Soquachjck.— Ft Orange conf. 

 (1663) in N. Y. Doe. Col. Hist., xiii, 298, 1881. So- 

 quackicks.— Dareth (1664), ibid., 381. Soqua- 

 tucks.— Ruttenber, Tribes Hudson R., 41, 1872. 

 Soquokis.— Doc. of 1697 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., 

 IX, 669, 1855. Soquoquis. — Memoir (1706), ibid., 

 796. Soquoquisii, — Du Creux (1660) quoted by 

 Vetromile in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., vi, 210, 1859. 

 Sowocatuck. — Smith (1616) in Mass. Hist. Soc. 

 Coll., 3d s., VI, 108, 1837. Sowocotuek.— Smith 

 (1616), ibid., 117. Sowquackick.— Pynchon (1663) 

 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., xiii, 308, 1881. 



Sokulk. A small Shahaptian tribe lo- 

 cated by Lewis and Clark on Columbia r. , 

 above the mouth of the Snake. They are 

 known to the Nez Perces and Yakima as 

 Wanapum, and their principal village is 

 on the w. bank of the Columbia, at the 

 foot of Priest rapids. Wash. The tribe 

 has attracted some notice of late years 

 from the fact that the noted religious 

 leader and prophet Smohalla (q. v. ) was 

 their chief. The tribe was never included 

 in any treaty and consequently is not of- 

 ficially recognized. Their number is es- 

 ti mated as between 1 50 and 200. ( l. p. ) 

 Lekulks.— Robertson, Oregon, 129, 1846. Lokulk.— 

 Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, in, 609, 1853. Priest's 

 Rapids.— Gibbs in Pac. R. R. Rep., I, 417, 1855. 

 Sokulk. — Lewis and Clark Exped., I, map; ii, 12, 

 1814. Wa'napum. — Mooney in 14th Rep. B. A.E., 

 735,1896 (name given by cognate tribes). 



Sokut Menyil ( 'deer moon' ) . A Kawia 

 village in Cahuilla valley, on the Torres 

 res., s. Cal., said to have been so named 

 because it was once a famous place in 

 which to hunt deer by moonlight. 



Martinez. — Barrows, Ethno.-Bot. Coahuilla Ind., 

 33, 1900. So-kut Men-yil.— Ibid. 



Solakiyu ( So^ -lak-i-yu) . A former Nish- 

 inam village in the valley of Bear r., 

 which is the next stream n. of Sacra- 

 mento, Cal. 



Solacke^. — Powers in Overland Mo., xii, 22, 1874. 

 So'-lak-i-yu.— Powers in Cont. N. A. Ethnol., in, 

 316, 1877. 



Soldier. In the strict sense of the word 

 the soldier did not exist in any of the 

 tribes n. of Mexico, for among the abo- 

 rigines there was no paid war force. 

 Neither was there any group of men who 

 served as an organized police to maintain 

 order within the tribe, nor was there any 

 body of men assigned, as in an army, to 

 defensive or aggressive warfare. These 

 duties, which are distinct in coordinated 

 society, in the tribe were laid on every 

 able-bodied man, who from his youth had 

 been trained in the use of weapons, 

 taught to be ready at a moment's notice 

 to defend his home and to be the protec- 

 tor of the women and children. There 

 was no school in which the men were 

 drilled to act and move together. The 

 methods of fighting were handed down 

 by tradition, and boys and young men 

 gained their first knowledge of the 

 warrior's tactics chiefly from experiences 

 related about the winter fire. Every vil- 

 lage or camp was liable to attack, and 

 their ever-present danger from enemies 

 influenced the training and avocation of 

 young men and determined the position 

 near the door of the lodge, where they 

 would be first to meet an intruding foe. 

 There was, however, a class of men, war- 

 riors of approved valor, to whom were 

 assigned special duties, as that of keeping 

 the tribe in order during the annual hunt 

 or at any great ceremonial where order 

 was strictly to be enforced. It is this 

 class which English-speaking observers 

 have called "soldiers," for their power 

 and prestige in the tribe corresponded 

 more nearly with the rank held by the 

 army than by any other set of men. The 

 name by which this class of warriors was 

 known in the language of some tribes 

 meant " difficult to break or destroy," in 

 other tribes "seizers" or "catchers," i.e. 

 those who make captive. The first re- 

 fers not only to the invincible courage of 

 the men in war and in executing un- 

 swerving justice, but to their wealth upon 

 which they could draw for generous con- 

 tribution when a tribal appeal was made. 

 If at any time one of these men should of- 

 fend and be subject to punishment, which 

 was frequently by flogging, only the man 

 of equal or superior war honors could 

 strike the heavy blows; a man of fewer 

 honors could only touch the offender 

 whose rank was higher than his own. In 

 many tribes warriors were members of a 

 society in which were orders or degrees. 



