620 



SOUTHERN WORKMAN SPADE-STONES 



[b. a. e. 



soon as possible either by burying in the 

 ground or, preferably, by depositing the 

 remains in crevices in the rocks, the 

 situation of which is carefully guarded. 

 The dwelling of the deceased, with all 

 his property, is burned. An observance 

 still common among both sexes is face 

 painting in many colors and designs, 

 to some extent symbolit;. Physically 

 the people exhibit a characteristic physi- 

 ognomy, which, with their hair-dress, 

 makes them easy of recognition as South- 

 ern Ute. They are short in stature, and 

 the men are considerably inclined to 

 obesity. In color they are moderately 

 brown or yellowish brown. Few of the 

 young women are handsome, and the old 

 ones usually are very ugly. The hair 

 shows the usual Indian characteristics; 

 the beard, as among most tribes, is eradi- 

 cated. Measurements of 50 male adults 

 indicate an average height of 166.8 cm. 

 The cephalic index shows a rather wide 

 range, with a predominance of mesoce- 

 phaly. The tribe is less pure in blood 

 than the more northerly Ute. (a. h. ) 

 Zuidelijke TTtes. — ten Kate, Reizen in N. A., 314, 

 1885 (Dutch form). 



Southern Workman. SeerHampton Nor- 

 mal and Agricultural Institute. 



Southwood Indians. An evident mis- 

 print for Southward Indians, referring to 

 those s. of Ohio r. — Croghan (1750) in 

 Kauffman, West. Pa., app., 27, 1851. 



Sowi. The Jackrabbit clan of tlie Hopi. 

 So'-wi.— Stephen in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 39, 1891. 

 Sowi winwu,— Fewkes in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 583, 

 1900. Sui.— Bonrke, Snake Danee, 117, 1884. 



Sowiinwa. The Deer clan of the Ala 

 (Horn) phratry of the Hopi. 

 Shu-hui-ma.— Bourke, Snake Dance, 117, 1884. 

 So-wi'-in-wa wun-wii. — Fewkes in Am. Anthr., 

 VII, 401, 1894 (wun-wu=cla.r\). Sowinu -winwii. — 

 Fewkes in 19th Rep. B. A. E., 583, 1891. So'-win- 

 ■wa,— Stephen in 8th Rep. B. A. E., 38, 1891. 



Soyennow. According to Lewis and 

 Clark, a division of the Chopunnish (see 

 Nez Ferces) on the n. side of the upper 

 Clearwater in Idaho. Their number was 

 given as 400 in 1805. They were prob- 

 ablv a band of the Paloos. 



Sagennom.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 1X1,570,1853. 

 Soyennom.— Lewis and Clark Exped.,II, 471,1814. 

 So-yen-now. — Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, vi, 115, 

 1905. Tatqu'nma, — Mooney in 14th Rep. B. A. E., 

 745, 1896 (proper form, whence Thatuma hills). 



Soyopa. A rancheria of the Nevome, 

 W'hich contained also some Eudeve 

 (Orozco y Berra, Geog., 351, 1864), and 

 forming, in 1730-64(?), a visita of the 

 mission of Onabas (q. v.). Situated on an 

 upper branch of the Yaqui r., lat. 29° 5^, 

 Ion. 109° 20', Sonora, Mexico. 

 S. Joseph de Soyopa.— Rivera, Diario, leg. 1382, 

 1736. Sopopo.— Rivera (1730) misquoted by Ban- 

 croft, No. Mex. States, i, 514, 1884. Soyopa — Rudo 

 Ensayo (ca. 1762), 124, 1863. 



Spades. See Hoes and Spades. 



Spade-stones. Prehistoric objects of 

 polished stone, the purpose of which 

 has not been determined, but as they 

 are symmetrically shaped, carefully fin- 



ished, and rarely show decided marks of 

 use, and besides are sometinies made of 

 soft stone of several varieties, archeologista 

 are disposed to assign them to ceremonial 

 use. The name has been given them be- 

 cause they resemble somewhat ordinary 

 spades, although 

 some varieties are 

 as much like blades 

 of axes, hoes, or 

 shovels. This name 

 will serve as well as 

 any other for pur- 

 poses of description. 

 For the present, all 

 of these objects may 

 greenstone; north CAROLINA ]-,g groupcd bctwecn 

 ° the two extremes of 



form, the hoe or ax shaped variety with 

 broad, thick blade and short stem, and 

 the long-shafted variety with small, some- 

 what rudimentary blade. Many of the 

 intermediate forms, being rather short 

 and thick, approach the 

 celt in appearance. The 

 recent discovery by ISIoore 

 of specimens of the short, 

 broad -bladed variety re- 

 taining traces of hafting 

 has led to the suggestion 

 that these, and possibly 

 the whole group of objects 

 here considered, are cere- 

 monial derivatives of the 

 celt. The longer- shafted 

 forms correspond in gen- 

 eral aj^pearance to the 

 long-shafted copper celts found by Moore 

 in Southern mounds. A number of these 

 objects are said to show effects of use 

 in scraping, digging, or other service 

 resulting in abrasion of the blade, and 

 C. C. Jones, describing speci- 

 mens in his own collection, 

 takes the view that they were 

 scrapers; but it seems possible 

 that the wear in such cases 

 may be the result of second- 

 ary use by persons not ac- 

 quainted with the original, 

 normal functions of the ob- 

 jects. A characteristic feature 

 of the broad, short forms is a 

 perfciration, which occurs gen- 

 erally near the upper part of 

 jJ J Vji the blade and occasionally 

 1/ \ / ^'^^^ "P ^'^^ shaft. A few 

 V \b/ have the perforation near the 

 top, giving the appearance 

 of a pendant ornament. A 

 characteristic feature of the 

 slender-shafted variety is the 

 occurrence of a number of small notches 

 in the margin of the upper part of the 

 blade. 



These objects are not numerous in any 

 section, but the various types are widely 



f\ 



C HLO R IT I C 

 S T N E ; 

 A RKANSAS 

 (l-10) 



