Bl'LL. 30] 



SPAHAMIN SPANISH INFLUENCE 



621 



distributed over the country e. of the 

 great plains. The short, broad-bladed 

 form prevails in the Southern states, and 

 the small-bladed, long-handled variety 

 in the N. and N. \V. They occur gener- 

 ally in mounds in connection with burials. 

 See Problonatical objects. 



Consult Brown in Wis Archeologist, 

 II, no. 1, 1902; Fowke in 13th Report 

 B. A. E., 1896; Jones, Antiq. So. Inds., 

 1873; Moore in Am. Anthr., n. s., v, 

 no. 3, 1903, and in various numbers of 

 Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi la. ; Moore- 

 head, Prehistoric Impls., 1900; Rau in 

 Smithson. Cont., xxii, 1876; Thruston, 

 Antiq. of Tenn., 1897. (w. h. h. ) 



Spahamin [Spa^xEinin, 'shavings,' 'cut- 

 tings,' as of wood or bone). An Okina- 

 gan village situated at Douglas lake, 11 

 m. from Kwilchana, Brit. Col. Its peo- 

 ple associate much with the Ntlakya- 

 pamuk, whose language they speak as 

 well as their own; they numbered 189 

 in 1909, probably including some Ntlakya- 

 pamuk. 



Douglas Lake. — White men's name. Nicola (Up- 

 per). —Can. Ind. Aff., pt. 1,243,1902. Spah-a-man.— 

 Can. Ind. Art., pt.l, 189, 1884. Spa-ha-min.— Ibid., 

 271, 1889. Spa'xF.min.— Teit in Mem. Am. Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., II, 174, 1900. Tipper Nicola.— Can. Ind. 

 Aff., pt. II, 68, 1902 (includes .some Ntlakyapamuk 

 villages). 



Spaim (Spa^-im, 'flat land,' 'open fiat' 

 [Teit]; 'pleasant, grassy, flowery spot' 

 [Hill-Tout]). A Ntlakyapamuk village 

 on the K. side of Fraser r. , Brit. Col. ; pop. 

 27 in 1897. 



Spa'im.— Teit in Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., ii, 

 169, 1900. Spayam,— Can. Ind. Aff., 418, 1898 

 ("Chomok-Spayam"). Spe'im,— Hill -Tout in 

 Rep. Ethnol. Surv. Can., .5, 1899. Speyam.— Can. 

 Ind. All., 230, 18S4. 



Spallamcheen. A body of Shuswap on 

 a branch of Thompson r., Brit Col., at 

 first under the Okanagan agency, after- 

 ward under that of Kamloops. Pop. 144 

 in 1904, 162 in 1909. 



Spallamcheen.— Can. Ind. Aff., pt. II, 166, 1901. 

 Spallum-acheen. — Ibid., 191,1883. Spallutncheen. — 

 Ibid., 363, 1S97. Spelemcheen.— Ibid., 317, 1880. 

 Spellamcheen. — Ibid., 313, 1892 Spellammachiun. — 

 Ibid., 79, 1878. 



Spamagelabe. See Spemicalawba. 



Spanawatka. A former Seminole town 

 2 m. below lola, on the w. side of Apa- 

 lachicola r., Calhoun co., Fla. — H. R. 

 Ex. Doc. 74 (1823), 19th Cong., 1st 

 sess., 27, 1826. 



Spanguliken. A word in use in several 

 parts of the State of New York formerly 

 inhabited by the Delawares as a term for 

 a conceited or a vain person, and for a 

 "know-it-all." The word is a corrup- 

 tion of Lenape asplnguliechsin, meaning 

 'to raise the eyes in speaking,' that is, 

 to be supercilious. It corresponds pretty 

 well to Latin supercUiosus, from super- 

 cilium, 'haughtiness,' as expressed by 

 raising the eyebrows (from super, 

 'above,' and cilium, 'eyebrow,' 'eyelid'). 



(w. R, G.) 



Spanish influence. The influence of the 

 Spaniards on the aborigines of America 

 N. of Mexico was very marked along the 

 whole southern border from Florida to 

 California; but it was most notable in the 

 W., where greater numbers of aborigines 

 were present to be affected by the proc- 

 esses of colonization. Elsewhere in North 

 America the Spanish adventurers and 

 fishermen left slight evidences of their 

 sojourn. A trace of Spanish influence, 

 through Basque fishermen, is found in 

 the early accounts of the ftlicmac (Les- 

 carbot, Hist. Nouv. France, 668, 1612), 

 where a few words of Spanish or of Basque 

 origin were preserved in the jargon used 

 between natives and Europeans. 



On the opposite side of the continent 

 the people of Vancouver id. were affected 

 by the Spanish settlements in California, 

 for some of the Indians of this coast were 

 brought down to the Catholic missions. 

 Contrary to a widespread belief, there is 

 no Spanish element in the Chinook jar- 

 gon. In Florida, where Spanish domina- 

 tion extended over two centuries, the 

 Indian tribes of the northern and cen- 

 tral sections were much influenced by 

 the European colonists, as appears from 

 Margry, Dickenson, and other documen- 

 tary sources. This was particularly true 

 of the Apalachee and the Timucua, whose 

 prosperity continued until the destruction 

 of the missions by the English and their 

 Indian allies between 1702 and 1708, after 

 which the ruin of the native tribes was 

 completed by the inroads of the Creeks. 

 The vocabularies of all the Southern 

 tribes show Spanish influence, as, for ex- 

 ample, the word ivaka, for vaca, 'cow'. 

 The Eno of North Carolina in 1654 met 

 with Spaniards who had come from the 

 gold regions of the southern AUeghanies 

 (Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East, 58, 

 1894), while Spanish intimacy in South 

 Carolina began as early as the establish- 

 ment of the post at Santa Elena in 1567. 

 Spanish slavers decimated the minor 

 tribes of the Carolina and Georgia coast. 

 In Texas as many as 10,000 Indians were 

 gathered into the missions, some of whose 

 massive buildings still remain in fair pres- 

 ervation, and a considerable strain of 

 blood of the Mexican element of to-day 

 is known to be of Indian origin. Spanish 

 blood, introduced by capture, enters to 

 some extent into the composition of most 

 of the southern Plains tribes, as well as 

 of the Apache, and the Spanish language is 

 still a frequent means of intertribal com- 

 munication in many parts of the S. W. 

 The Caddo of Louisiana, as early as 1688, 

 according to Tonti, called the horse cavali, 

 evidently from the Spanish caballo, which 

 word has furnished the name of this ani- 

 mal to many Southwestern tribes. 



The effects of the Spanish occupancy 



