BILL. 30] 



SPITOTHA SPOONS AND LADLES 



625 



the Spirit Lake captive of 1857, was res- 

 cued by Grayfootand Sounding Heavens, 

 sons of Spirit Walker. (d. r.) 



Spitotha. One of the 5 original divisions 

 or bands of the Shawnee (W. H. Shaw- 

 nee in Gulf States Hist. Mag., i, 415, 1903). 

 Evidently distinct from Kispokotha, but 

 probably the same as Mequachake, q. v. 



Spokan. A name applied to several 

 small bodies of Salish on and near Spo- 

 kane r., N. E. Wash. According to Gibbs 

 the name was originally employed by the 

 Skitswish to designate a band at the forks 

 of the river, called also Smahoonienaish. 

 By the whites it was extended to cover 

 several nearly allied divisions, which 

 Gibbs enumerates as follows: Sin-slik- 

 hoo-ish, Sintootoolish, Sma-hoo-men-a- 

 ish (Spokenish), Skai-schil-t'nish, Ske- 

 chei-a-mouse, Schu-el-stish, Sin-poil- 

 schne, Sin-shee-lish. The last two were 

 claimed by the Okinagan also. All of 

 them are now held to be "separate divi- 

 sions and not bands of one tribe. The 

 population was estimated by Lewis and 

 Clark in 1805 at 600 in 30 houses, and bv 

 Gibbs in 1853 at 450. In 1908 there were 

 301 "Lower Spokan" and 238 "Upper 

 Spokan" under Colville agency. Wash., 

 and 95 Spokan on Coeur d'Alene res., 

 Idaho; total, 634. In 1909 the entire 

 number of Spokan in Washington was 

 509, while those in Idaho numbered 104. 

 Flat Heads. —Dart in Ind. Aff. Rep., 216, 1851 (so 

 called because their heads were left in the natural 

 state. (See Flatheafls.) Lar-li-e-lo.— Lewis and 

 Clark Exped., I, map, 1S14. Lartielo.— Ibid., 11, 

 475, ISl-l. Lar-ti-e-to's Nation. — Orig. Jour. Lewis 

 and Clark, vi, 119, 1905. Ne-com-ap-oe-lox.— Suck- 

 ley in Pae. R. R. Rep., i, 300, 1855. Salst sxastsit- 

 lini.— Gatschet, MS., B. A. E. (Okinagan name 

 for the Lower Spokan at Little Spokane Falls; 

 = 'people with badheads'). Sar-lis-lo.— Gibbs in 

 Pac. R. R. Rep., i, 417, 1855 (theLar-ti-e-lo of 

 Lewis and Clark). Sin-ee-guo-men-ah. — Winans 

 in Ind. Aff. Rep., 23, 1870 (applied here to the 

 Upper Spokan). Sin-ha-ma-mish.— Gibbs in Pac. 

 R. R. Rep., I, 418, 1855. Sin-hu,— Morgan, Con- 

 .'iang. and .A.ffln., 290, 1871 C people wearing red 

 paint on their cheeks': own name). Sinhuman- 

 ish.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, in, 632, 1853. 

 Sinkoman.— Gibbs in Pac. R. R. Rep., i, 414, 1855 

 (Kutenai name). Sinkumana. — Gatschet, MS., 

 B. A. E. (Pend d'Oreille [Kalispel] nanje). Ska- 

 moy-num-achs.— Ross, Adventures, 289, 1849 (Ku- 

 tenai name). Sma-hoo-men-a-ish. — Gibbs in Pac. 

 R. R. Rep., I, 414, 1855 (=Spokan proper). Snxu- 

 mina. — Gatschet, MS., B. A. E. (Okinagan name 

 for Upper Spokan). Spogans. — Meek in H. R. Ex. 

 Doe. 76, 30th Cong., Istsess., 10, 1848. Spokains.— 

 McVickar, Exjied. Lewis and Clark, ir, 386, note, 

 1842(probablv used for Spokan proper). Spokan. — 

 Parker, Journal, 292, 1840. Spokane. -Ibid., 292. 

 Spo-kehmish. — Stevens in Ind. Aff. Rep., 429, 

 1854. Spokehnish.— Gibbs in Pac. R. R. Rep., 

 I, 414, 1855. Spokein.— Parker, op. cit., 285. Spo- 

 kens.— Robertson, Oregon, 129, 1846. Spo-kih- 

 nish.— Stevens in Ind. Aff. Rep., 428, 1854. Spo- 

 kineish,— Winans, ibid., 22, 1870. Spokines. — John- 

 son and Winter, Rocky Mts., 34, 1846. Spoko- 

 mish.— Mooney in 14th Rep. B. A. E., 732, 1896. 

 Spuka'n.— Gatschet, MS., B. A. E. (Klamath and 

 Modoc name). Tsakaitsetlins. — Domenech, Des- 

 erts, I, 444, 1860. Tsakaitsitlin.— Hale in U. S. 

 Expl. Exped., VI, 205, 569, 1846. Upper Spokanes .— 

 Winans in Ind. Aff. Rep., 23, 1870 (applies to Spo- 

 kan proper). Zingomenes.— De Smet, Oregon 

 Miss., 108, 1847. 



3456— Bull. 30, pt 2—07 40 



SPOOL-SHAPED stones; OHIO (foWKe) 



Spookow. A Chumashan village former- 

 ly on the beach n. of San Buenaventura 

 mission, Ventura co., Cal. — Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, May 4, 1860. 



Spools. Small prehistoric objects some- 

 what resembling spools, the purpose of 

 which is unknown. They are nearly cy- 

 lindrical, with incurved sides, perforated 

 lengthwise at the center, and are made in 

 most cases of sandstone, a few specimens 

 being of baked 

 clay. Their 

 length varies 

 from 1 to 2| in. 

 and their diam- 

 eter rarely ex- 

 ceeds 2 in. The 

 surface is al- 

 ways covered 

 with incised 

 lines arranged in what is apparently in- 

 tended for a definite order or design, but 

 no two are alike. They are not numer- 

 ous, and, with the exception of a few from 

 Ross CO., Ohio, all are from counties bor- 

 dering the Ohio r. between the Big Sandy 

 and the Miami. Consult Fowke, Archseol. 

 Hist. Ohio, 1902; Moorehead, Prehist. Im- 

 pls.,1900; Squier and Davis, AncientMon- 

 uments, 1848; Thruston, Antiq. of Tenn., 

 1897. (o. F.) 



Spoon de Kaury. See Dekauri/, Cliuukeka. 



Spoons and Ladles. Utensils for carry- 

 ing liquid food or water to tlie mouth or 

 from one vessel to another were found 

 among all tribes of the United States. 

 They were made of a wide variety of 

 materials, as stone, shell, -bone, horn, 

 antler, ivory, wood, gourd, bark, basket- 

 ry, and pottery were employed. In size 

 they exceeded European utensils of this 

 class. Beverley ( Hist. Va., 154, 1722) thus 

 refers to them: "The spoons which they 

 eat with, do generally hold half a pint; and 

 they laugh at the English for using small 

 ones, which they must be forced to carry 

 so often to their mouths, that their arms 

 are in danger of being tired, before their 

 Belly." 



The animals supplying the most mate- 

 rials for spoons, dippers, and ladles were 

 the mountain sheep and mountain goat. 

 All the tribes living in the habitat of 

 these animals utilized their horns for this 

 purpose, and the manufactured products 

 were distributed widely in trade among 

 neighboring tribes. Specimens have been 

 gathered among the Pueblos, Havasupai, 

 Ute, Cheyenne, and Sioux, the Salishan 

 and northern Algonquian tribes, and the 

 N. W. Coast and Athapascan tribes. 

 Among the southern Rocky Mountain In- 

 dians these utensils were rude, but the 

 northern tribes made them works of art, 

 softening the horn and bending and 

 shaping it over forms by means of heat. 



