626 



SPOTTED ARM SPOTTED TAIL 



[b. a. e. 



and carving and inla3dng the material 

 with great skill. Spoons were also made 

 from the horns of the buffalo. After 

 cattle were introduced their horns were 

 substituted, especiallj^ among the Plains 

 tribes, for those of the disappearing 

 wild animals. 



Antler spoons. — A few tribes of n. Cali- 

 fornia and Columbia r. used spoons made 

 of antler. The Hupa spoons are charac- 

 teristic and well made, and men's and 

 women's spoons are of different shapes. 

 The Eskimosometimes made small spoons 

 from antler, and in rare cases employed 

 bone or ivory, though these materials 

 are hard to work. Some of their fat- 

 scrapers resemble spoons, and they used 

 narrow bowl spoons as marrow extractors. 



Wooden spoonsand ladles. — The majority 

 of spoons, dippers, and ladles were made 

 of wood. The Eskimo and northern 

 Athapascan tribes produced a variety of 

 such utensils that exhibited some degree 

 of art; but the tribes of the N. W. coast 

 andofs.Alaska surpassed all others in the 

 variety, grace of form, and decoration of 

 these as well as other domestic objects. 

 The tribes of the S. W. utilized wood to 

 some extent for spoons and ladles, but 

 these were always rude and were gen- 

 erally fashioned from knots. There is 

 remarkable uniformity in the shape of 

 utensils of this class among the Eastern 

 and Southern Indians from New York to 

 Florida. They all had the pointed bowl, 

 a form which occurs in no other part of 

 the United States. 



Gourds. — The gourd, like the decayed 

 knot, is a natural dipping instrument, and 

 its use as such readily suggested itself. 

 Gourds were extensively used and their 

 forms were often repeated in potter}'. 



Shell spoons and dippers. — Wherever 

 shells were available they were used in 

 their natural form as dippers and were 

 wrought into spoons. Spoons of shell, 

 artistically worked, have been found in 

 the mounds of Kentucky, Tennessee, 

 Arkansas, and Ohio. 



Pottery ladles and spoons. — Numerous 

 objects of this class are found on the an- 

 cient sites of pottery-making tribes, and 

 the Pueblo Indians, especially the Hopi, 

 still manufacture them in great variety. 

 In general the spoons follow the older 

 elliptic shallow forms cut from gourds, 

 while the dippers are characteristic, hav- 

 ing a tubular or trough-like handle and 

 an ample bowl, the latter sometimes 

 saucer-shaped, but generally of the form 

 of a small food bowl. The handles are 

 often decorated with bands or short lines 

 of color, and the terminal end is frequently 

 modeled in the form of an animal's head. 

 Cups with a small loop handle were 

 and are common among the Hopi. See 

 Receptacles. (w. h. ) 



Spotted Arm. An influential Winne- 

 bagochief, born about 1772, knownamong 

 his tribesmen as Manahketshumpkaw, 

 and sometimes called Broken Arm by the 

 whites, from the fact that he had been 

 severely wounded in the arm at the siege 

 of Ft Meigs in 1813, where he distin- 

 guished himself. It was his custom in 

 after years to paint the scar in represen- 

 tation of a fresh wound. Spotted Arm 

 was a signer of the Green Bay treaty in 

 1828, and during the Black Hawk war in 

 1832 he was one of three important head- 

 men held by the whites as hostages for 

 the good behavior of the Winnebago. 

 He is described as having been stoop- 

 shouldered and ill-shaped, but as possess- 

 ing a mild and agreeable temperament. 

 His village, known as Spotted Arm's 

 village, was situated near the j^resent 

 Exeter, Green co., Wis. He died a few 

 years after the Black Hawk war, having 

 removed with his people to their new 

 lands beyond the Mississippi after the 

 Rock Island treaty of 1832. See Wis. 

 Hist. Soc. Coll., VIII, 1879; x, 1888. 



Spotted Tail {Sinte-galeshka). A Brul6 

 Teton Sioux chief, born about 1833 near 

 Ft Laramie, Wyo. He was not a chief 

 by birth, but rose by dint of his fighting 

 qualities. He won his wife in a duel with 

 a subchief and proved his prowess in bat- 

 tle, so that when the head chief died the 

 tribe passed over the hereditary claimant 

 and aspirants of riper years and experi- 

 encein favor of the young warrior. Hehad 

 borne a conspicuous part in the destruc- 

 tion of Lieut. Grattan's detachment in 

 1854 when it entered the Brule camp to ar- 

 rest an Indian who had taken an old cow 

 abandoned by some emigrants, and in the 

 subsequent depredations on the Oregon 

 trail. After signal punishment was in- 

 flicted on the tribe by Gen. Harney at Ash 

 Hollow, w. Nebr., Spotted Tail and two 

 others of the murderers, whose surrender 

 was demanded, surprised the soldiers at 

 Ft Laramie by marching in, arrayed in 

 war dress and chanting their death songs, 

 to give themselves up in order that 

 the tribe might be spared. He regained 

 his freedom and was chief of the Lower 

 Brules in 1865, when commissioners 

 treated with the Sioux for a right of way 

 through Montana, and was in favor of the 

 treaty, though neither he nor any other 

 prominent chief signed, while Red Cloud, 

 the Oglala chief, led the party that op- 

 posed the cession of the overland route 

 to the Montana mines. With the other 

 chiefs he signed the treaty of Apr. 29, 

 1868, accepting for the Teton a reserva- 

 tion embracing all the present South Da- 

 kota w. of Missouri r., and assenting to 

 the construction of a railroad, the Gov- 

 ernment acknowledging as unceded In- 

 dian territory the sections of Wyoming 



