630 



SQU A WKE AG SQU A WKTHOW 



[b. a. b. 



the Cree iskweiv, etc. As a term for 

 woman squaw has been carried over the 

 length and breadth of the United States 

 and Canada, and is even in use by Indians 

 on the reservations of the W., who have 

 taken it from the whites. After the 

 squaw have been named: Squawberry 

 (the partridge berry), squaw bush (in 

 various parts of the country, Cornus sto- 

 lonifera, C. sericea, and C. canadensis), 

 squaw carpet (a California name of Cea- 

 nothus proslrah(s) , squaw fish (a species of 

 fish found in the N. W.), squaw flower 

 ( Trillmm eredum, called also squaw root), 

 squaw man (an Indian who does woman's 

 work; also a white man married to an In- 

 dian woman and living with her people), 

 squaw mint (the American pennyroyal), 

 squawroot (in different parts of the coun- 

 try, Trillmm erecium, the black and the 

 blue cohosh, ConophoUs americana, and 

 other plants), squaw sachem (a term in 

 vogue in the era of New England coloni- 

 zation for a female chief among the In- 

 dians), squaw vine (a New England name 

 for the partridge berry), squaw weed 

 {Erigeron plLiladelphicum and Senecio au- 

 reus) , squaw winter (a term in use in parts 

 of the Canadian N. W. to designate a 

 mild beginning of winter). A species of 

 duck {Harelda glacialis) is called old 

 squaw. (a. p. c. ) 



Squawkeag ( ' red earth or land.' — Hew- 

 itt). A tribe or band formerly occupying 

 a considerable territory on both banks of 

 Connecticut r., in Franklin co., Mass. 

 Their principal village, of the same name, 

 was near the present Northfield. Some 

 of them were still there in 1688. 

 Soquagkeeke.— Courtland (1688) in N. Y. Doc. Col. 

 Hist., Ill, 562, 1853. Squaheag.— Rowlandson 

 (ca. 1676) quoted by Drake, Trag. Wild., 32, 1841. 

 Squakeage.— VVinthrop (1664) in Mass. Hist. Soc. 

 Coll., 4th s., VI, 531, 1863. Squakeays.— Gookin 

 (16741, ibid., 1st s., i, 160, 1806 (misprint). Squa- 

 kheag.— Pvnchon (1677) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., 

 XIII, 511, 1881. Squakheig.— Writer of 1676 quoted 

 by Drake, Ind. Chron., 123, 1836. Squakkeag.— 

 Drake, Bk. Inds., in, 31, 1848. Squawkeague.— 

 Hubbard (1792) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st s., ii, 

 30, 1810. Squa-wkheag.— Sevvall (1688), Ibid., 4th 

 s., VIII, 519, 1868. 



Squawkihow (the Iroquois adaptation of 

 Muskwaki, the Fox name for themselves; 

 the jn-sound not occurring in the phonetic 

 elements of the Iroquois tongues ; there was 

 left squawkie, commonly pronounced 

 skwahkiha by the Iroquois. The significa- 

 tion of Musku'aki is ' red earth,' and it may 

 have been originally employed in contra- 

 distinction to Osanaki or Osaivki, ' yellow 

 earth,' the base of the tribal name Sauk). 

 A colony of immigrant and captive Fox 

 Indians, who dwelt, when first known, 

 at Gathtsegwarohare (Gaghegwalahala, 

 Cassawauloughly, Gaghaheywarahera, 

 Gathseowalohare, etc.), a village consist- 

 ing of about 25 cabins, situated on the e. 

 side of Canaseraga cr., 2 m. from its con- 

 fluence with Genesee r., N. Y., and there- 



fore only a few miles s. of Geneseo (Che- 

 nussio), the principal town of the Seneca. 

 With its extensive fields of corn, and gar- 

 dens of beans, squashes, and tobacco, it 

 was destroyed, Sept. 14, 1779, by the army 

 of Gen. Sullivan. The importance of 

 this colony of "Squ-agh-kie Indians" 

 may be inferred from the fact that at the 

 Niagara treaty negotiated by Col. Butler 

 in 1776 they "figured as a separate na- 

 tion." 



In 1652-53, immediately after the dis- 

 persion and political extinction of the 

 Hurons, the Tionontati, and the Neutrals 

 in 1648-51, the Iroquois while in pursuit 

 of the fugitive remnants of these people 

 extended their western sphere of action 

 to the region around L. Michigan. The 

 result of this was to bring them into con- 

 tact with the Fox (Muskwaki) Indians 

 among others, a part of whom later be- 

 came involved in war with the French 

 and the surrounding tribes. This state 

 of affairs brought about a quasi-alliance 

 between the isolated Fox tribe and the 

 English, and the allies of the latter, the 

 Iroquois. In the subsequent struggle be- 

 tween the French and the Indian tribes 

 under their protection on the one hand 

 and the Fox tribe on the other, the latter 

 were finally overpowered and severely 

 chastised. "The destruction of twoMas- 

 coutin and Ottagamie [Muskwaki] vil- 

 lages is one of the principal reasons 

 which induces me to send this express 

 canoe," wrote Du Buisson, the French 

 commander at Detroit, in 1712. "They 

 received many presents," he continued, 

 "and some belts from the English, to de- 

 stroy the post of Ft Pontchartrain [De- 

 troit], and then to cut our throats and 

 those of our allies, particularly the Hu- 

 rons and Ottawas, residing upon Detroit 

 r. ; and after that these wretches intended 

 to settle among the English and devote 

 themselves to their service. It is said 

 that the band of Oninetonam and that 

 of Mucatemangona have been received 

 among the Iroquois and have established 

 a village upon their lands. This infor- 

 mation has been brought by three canoes 

 of Outagamis." (Wis. Hist. Coll., xvi, 

 268, 1902. ) Some time in the 80's Dr M. 

 H. Mills communicated to the Rochester 

 (N. Y. ) Union a. tradition that identifies 

 the "Squawkiehah Indians" with the 

 Sauk and Fox (Conover, Kanadesaga and 

 Geneva MS.). 



There are many references showing 

 conclusively that the Iroquois and the 

 Foxes on the one hand were making 

 common cause against the French and 

 their allies on the other, and it is also 

 learned that in 1741 the Foxes had an 

 understanding with the Iroquois that if 

 the Foxes should be compelled to leave 

 their villages, they could find a safe asy- 



