638 



STOCKS STONEWORK 



[b. a. e. 



bands were collected on a tract reserved 

 for their use by the Colonial government. 

 After the village of Stock bridge was 

 established they were known as Stock- 

 bridge Indians. The French and Indian 

 war, which broke out in 1754, proved 

 disastrous to the Stockbridges. Many of 

 them joined the English army and their 

 town suffered from marauding parties, so 

 that at the close of the war there were 

 only about 200 remaining. The whites 

 were also closing in around them, and in 

 1785 the dispirited remnant, accepting 

 an invitation of the Oneida, removed to 

 a tract on Oneida cr. in Madison and 

 Oneida cos., N. Y., where a new village 

 sprang up (see Stockbridge, above). The 

 removal required two years. Under the 

 protection of the Oneida the Stockbridges 

 again increased, andin 1796numbered300. 

 In 1833, with the OneidaandMunsee, they 

 removed to a tract at the head of Green 

 bay, Wis., which had been purchased 

 from the Menominee. Here they became 

 incorporated with the Munsee, and the 

 two tribes have since formed one bodj'. 

 From the time of their leaving New York 

 the tribe has divided on questions in re- 

 gard to land and citizenship. After inter- 

 minable negotiations with the state and 

 national governments the matter is still 

 unsettled. In 1839 the Stockbridges and 

 Munsee, then numbering about 420, sold 

 half of their reservation and agreed to 

 remove to lands that were to be assigned 

 to them w. of the Mississippi. On the re- 

 maining land a town was laid out, on the 

 E. shore of Winnebago lake, where it was 

 intended to settle such as desired to be- 

 come citizens. About 80 removed to the 

 Missouri r. and remained for a time near 

 Leavenworth, Kans. The arrangement 

 proved unsatisfactory, and they were 

 once more brought together and the 

 tribal government restored. In 1856 

 they removed, with the exception of a 

 number who desired to become citizens, 

 to a reservation w. of Shawano, Shawano 

 CO., Wis., wherein 1909 the united tribes, 

 including the Munsee, numbered 582 

 souls. There are also some who have 

 become citizens near their former home 

 on Winnebago lake. 



The Stockbridges entered into treaties 

 with the United States at Oneida, N. Y., 

 Dec. 2, 1794; Green Bay, Wis., Oct. 27, 

 1832; Buffalo Creek, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1838; 

 Stockbridge, Wis., Sept. 3, 1839; Nov. 24, 

 1848; Feb. 5, 1856. (j. m.) 



Ausotunnoog.— Macauley, N. Y., 11, 171, 1829. 

 Hoosatunnuk.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, vi, 734, 

 1857. Housatannuck.— Gallatin in Trans. Am. 

 Antiq. Soc, II, 35, 1836. Housatonic Indians.— 

 Hoyt, Antiq. Res., 225, 1824. Housatonnoc — 

 Barber, Hist. Coll. Mass., 99, 1S39. Houssatonnoo 

 Indians.— Wain wright (1735) in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll. , 

 IV, 123. 1.S56. Houssatunnuck.— Hawley (1794^ in 

 Mass. Hi.st. Soc. Coll., 1st s., in, 192, 1794. Muhhe- 

 connuk.— Sen. Doc. 189, 27th Cong., 2d se.ss., 19, 1842. 

 Muhhekanew.— Edwards quoted by Gallatin in 

 Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc, ii, 35, 1836. Ousatannock 



Indians.— Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 2d s., x,124, note. 

 1823. Ousatunnuck.— Trumbull, Conn., ii, 72, 1818, 

 Ousetannuck. — Wadsworth (1694) quoted by Hoyt, 

 Antiq. Res., 163, 1824. Oustonnoc— Stiles (ha. 

 1762) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st s., x, 112, 1809. 



Stocks. See Linguistic families. 



Stogie. ( 1 ) A sort of cigar, a long che- 

 root, the name of which is said to Vje de- 

 rived from the place-name Conestoga, Pa., 

 where these cigars were first made. The 

 form stoga would seem to confirm this 

 etymology. (2) Conestoga (q. v.) is an 

 ethnic appellation of one of the Iroquoian 

 tribes, the word itself being of Iroquois 

 derivation. (a. f. c. ) 



Stoktoks. A Squawmish village com- 

 munity on Howe sd., Brit. Col. 



Sfo'ktoks.— Hill-Tout in Rep. Brit. A. A. S., 474, 

 1900. St'ox.— Boas, MS., B. A. E., 1887. 



Stone age. See Antiquit)/, Ardteologi/. 



Stone-axe ruin. A prehistoric pueblo 

 ruin 4^ m. e. of the central Petrified For- 

 est, on the N. slope, near the Little Colo- 

 rado and Puerco divide, about 30 m. e. 

 of Holbrook, in Apache co., Ariz.; so 

 named from the numerous axes of acti- 

 nolite that have been found on its surface. 

 The ruin was excavated in 1901 by Dr 

 Walter Hough, of the National Museum, 

 who, from the artifacts recovered, regards 

 the structure as of Hopi origin. See Nat. 

 Mus. Kep. 1901,320-25, 1903. 



Stone-boiling. See Food. 



Stone Tsilkotin. A body of Tsilkotin of 

 Williams Lake agency, Brit. Col. Pop. 

 106 in 1901; 96 in 1909. 



Stone.— Can. Ind. Aff. 1887, 310, 1888. Stones.— Can. 

 Ind. Aff. 1901, pt. II, 162, 1901. 



Stonework. Primitive men doubtless 

 first used stones in their natural form for 

 throwing, striking, and abrading; but as 

 use continued, a certain amount of ad- 

 ventitious shaping of the stones employed 

 necessarily took place, and this probably 

 suggested and led to intentional shaping. 

 Men early learned to fracture brittle stones 

 to obtain cutting, scraping, and perforat- 

 ing implements; and flaking, pecking, 

 cutting, scraping, and grinding processes 

 served later to modify shapes and to in- 

 crease the convenience, effectiveness, and 

 beauty of implements. Much has been 

 learned of the course of progress in the 

 stone-shaping arts fiom the prehistoric re- 

 mains of Europe, and studies of the work 

 of the native American tribes, past and 

 present, are supplying data for a inuch 

 more complete understanding of this im- 

 portant branch of primitive activity. It 

 is not believed that the course of events in 

 the development of art in stone was uni- 

 form with all peoples, for the materials 

 available in the different countries are so 

 unlike that uniformity would be quite out 

 of the question. It 'may be reasonably 

 assumed, however, that with average 

 lithic resources the simpler processes and 

 those giving required results most di- 

 rectly would take precedence, and the 

 more complex processes — those requiring 



