BULL. 30] 



STONEWORK 



641 



Piece of Jade, 

 Showing Re- 

 sults OF Saw- 

 ing AND BREAK- 



hardest materials may readily be reduced 

 to the desired shapes. Beginning with a 

 bowlder or fragment of proximate shape 

 or with a form roughed out by flaking, 

 the primitive operator attacked the sur- 

 face, crumbling the parts to be removed 

 by rapid blows, and continued the work 

 until the shape was so far 

 perfected as to be ready for 

 the grinding and polishing 

 processes which followed. 

 This pecking work is tlie 

 prototype of the bush -ham- 

 mering and the machine- 

 chisel work of the civilized 

 stonecutter. The leading va- 

 rieties of articles shaped 

 in part or in whole by this 

 process are celts, axes, adzes, 

 gouges, mortars, pestles, va- 

 rious culinary utensils, 

 pipes, ornamental and cere- 

 monial objects, and sculp- 

 tures generally. See Pecking 

 implemenis. 



Incising processes were 

 much employed by the na- 

 tive tribes. Knives, chisels, 

 and other edged tools of 

 stone served to carve all the 

 softer varieties, the most universally 

 available of these being soapstone or 

 steatite (q.v. ). Others are cannel coal, 

 lignite, chalk, serpentine, and calcite. 

 Chisels or edged stone picks were used in 

 cutting out masses of soapstone in the 

 quarry and in shap- 

 ing tiie vessels and 

 other large objects 

 made from them. 

 See Chiseh, Knives, 

 Picks. Abrading 

 and smoothing proc- 

 esses were also of 

 first importance to 

 the tril)es in shaping 

 and finishing articles 

 of stone. These em- 

 ployed the various 

 grinding, sawing, 

 drilling, and polish- 

 ing tools. Drilling 

 with pointed and 

 tubular drills was 

 constantly resorted 

 to, as in the mak- 

 ing of tobacco pipes 

 and certain forms of 

 ornaments and cere- 

 monial objects. See .4 brading implements, 

 Drills and Drilling, Polishing implements, 

 Smrs, Scrapers. 



The following groups of products of the 

 stone using and shaping arts are described 

 under separate heads, viz: (1) Buildings: 

 Pueblos (towns), cliff -dwellings, habita- 

 tions, kivas, fortifications, tombs; (2) Im- 



3456— Bull. 30, pt 2—07 41 



USE OF THE PUMP DRILL IN 

 BORING 



plements and utensils: Abrading imple- 

 ments, adzes, anchors, anvils; arrows, 

 bows, and quivers; arrowheads, awls, 

 axes, baking stones, boxes, celts, chisels, 

 daggers, drills, flakes, flaking implements, 

 gouges, hammers, hatchets, hoes and 

 spades, knives, lamps, lances, metates, 

 mortars, mullers, pestles, 

 picks, pincers, pipes, 

 polishing implements, 

 cups, dishes, ladles, re- 

 ceptacles, saws, scrapers, 

 sinkers, slings, spear- 

 heads, tomahawks, 

 wedges; (3) Ornaments: 

 Beadwork, gorgets, lab- 

 rets, mosaics, pendants; 



(4) Ceremonial objects: 

 Batons, masks, pipes; 



(5) Problematical objects: 

 Banner-stones, bird-stones, boat-stones, 

 cache disks and blades, cones, flaked 

 stones (eccentric forms), footprint sculp- 

 tures, hemispheres and spheres, hook 

 stones, inscribed tablets, notched plates, 

 pierced tablets, plummets, perforated 



grinding stone 



unfinished steatite vessel showing chisel marks 



stones, sculptures (eccentric forms), 

 spade-stones, spools, tubes. 



Besides the shaped product above dealt 

 with, the shaping of stone gives rise to 

 another class of results of particular im- 

 portance in the history of stone art and 

 especially deserving of the attention of 



