BULL. 30] 



SUSQUEHANNA 



655 



seem to indicate that Cepowi^, located by 

 Smith on Willowbye's r., which is ap- 

 parently only a continuation of what is 

 to-day Bush r. (unless it was placed there 

 instead of on the Patapsco by an engrav- 

 er's inadvertence), was at all events well 

 within the "Sasquesahanough " country. 

 Under the circumstances it is a question 

 whether these five towns, which were not 

 mentioned in the text of Smith, are to be 

 regarded as Susquehanna towns rather 

 than as the chief towns of allied or neigh- 

 boring tribes. With the meager data 

 supplied by their position on the Smith 

 map, it is difficult to assign them a defi- 

 nite geographical position on a modern 

 map. One of the interpretations of the 

 indicative marks places Cepowig in the 

 vicinity either of Westminster, Md., or 

 of Gettysburg, Pa.; Quadroque about 

 Middletown; Tesinigh about Lebanon; 

 Attaock about York ; and Utchowig in the 

 region of Carlisle. The other broader 

 and, perhaps, intended view would locate 

 Attaock in the region of Juniata r. , Quad- 

 roque at the forks at Northumberland, 

 Tesinigh on the North branch in the 

 region of Wyoming, and Utchowig on the 

 West branch in the vicinity of Lockhaven. 

 Marked with "king's houses," they may 

 have indicated the seats of neighboring 

 tribes, whether allied or hostile. 



From the data found in Smith it is diffi- 

 cult to form a satisfactory estimate of the 

 population of the Susquehanna at that 

 early date. Smith said that the "Sas- 

 quesahannocks" could muster "near 600 

 able and mighty men," who were en- 

 trenched in palisaded towns "to defend 

 them from the Massawomeckes, their 

 mortal enemies." To these people, whom 

 Smith designated by the name "Sasque- 

 sahanough, ' ' modernized to Susquehanna, 

 the Dutch and Swedes on Delaware r. 

 and bay applied the name Minqua, or 

 Mincquaas, with its many variants, which 

 the English adopted with a wider and 

 varying application, under the form 

 Mingo. De Vries, in Feb., 1633, while 

 cruising in the vicinity of Ft Nassau on 

 Delaware r., encountered a detachment 

 of 50 Indians from a larger body consist- 

 ing of 600 men. Crossing the river from 

 the fort, they came alongside his yacht 

 and spoke to him and his men in a friendly 

 manner. He learned that they were 

 Mmquas who dwelt "among the English 

 of Virginia," and who had come on a 

 warlike expedition. The next day, while 

 sailing up the river, he met three Arme- 

 wamen Indians who declared to him 

 that they were fugitives from the Min- 

 quas who had killed some of their peo- 

 ple, as above mentioned. The trio had 

 left the main body of their people with 

 the women and children five or six 

 hours journey distant, and bad come 



there to learn in what way the Minqua 

 had gone; they declared that 90 men of 

 the Sankhikans (Sankiekens) had been 

 killed by these Minqua and that the ■Min- 

 qua had returned to their country (Coll. 

 N. Y. Hist. Soc, 2 s., iii, pt. i, 31-32, 

 1857). This indicates that the people 

 called Minqua or Sasquesahanna in 25 

 years had not lost their military strength, 

 although they were engaged in continual 

 wars with the Algonquian tribes on Dela- 

 ware r. and bay, and on the Potomac. 

 Hence it would appear that Smith's state- 

 ment that they could muster in 1608 

 nearly 600 men did not include those 

 belonging to the five towns exclusive of 

 Sasquesahanough. They were in 1608 

 waging war on the Massawomeckes. 



On Aug. 18, 1616, Captain Hendricksen 

 reported to the New Netherland Prov- 

 inces his discovery of certain lands, a 

 bay and three rivers, lying from 38° 

 to 40° N. lat. ; that there he traded for 

 "sables, furs, robes, and other skins," 

 and that he also traded for and bought 

 from the inhabitants, the Minquaes, 

 "three persons, being people belonging to 

 this company, which three persons were 

 employed in the service of the Mohawks 

 and Machicans, giving for them kettles, 

 beads, and merchandise " (N. Y. Doc. Col. 

 Hist., I, 14, 1854). This is perhaps the 

 first notice of the name Minqua on 

 record, if its use on the map accompa- 

 nying this report be excepted. The 

 map bears date 1614 (Oct. 11) and is the 

 famous "Carte Figurative." It is the 

 first known attempt to portray geograph- 

 ically the Susquehanna r. and valley with 

 thetribesof Indians dwelling in the region 

 covered; the map, in fact, includes the 

 region now within New York and Penn- 

 sylvania, and represents the Susquehanna 

 as an outlet of L. Ontario. A legend on 

 the map says that the data concerning the 

 location of rivers and the position of the 

 tribes were obtained from Kleynties and 

 his comrade, which they had acquired 

 in an expedition from the Mohawk 

 (Maquaas) into the interior and along the 

 New r. (Susquehanna) downward to the 

 Ogehage, who are identified as the "ene- 

 mies of the aforesaid northern tribes"; 

 and, further, that the positions of the 

 tribes (Sennecas, Gachoos, Capitannasses, 

 and Jottecas) should be indicated as con- 

 siderably farther to the w. On the above- 

 mentioned map the "Sennecas" are lo- 

 cated some distance N. of a branch of the 

 river which was evidently intended to rep- 

 resent Chemung r. of to-day; lower down, 

 on what represented the West branch of 

 the Susquehanna, on the s. side, the 

 "Gachoos" are placed, with four designs 

 denoting lodges(towns); on what probably 

 represents the present Juniata r. , on the n. 

 side, some distance from the confluence 



