BULL. 30] 



TAHLUPTSI TAHDUNDE 



671 



The primitive houses were similar to 

 those found in the fishing camps to-day; 

 they were constructed of stout saphngs 

 stuck upright in the ground and bound 

 together with bark rope or tree roots and 

 roofed over with slabs of spruce bark. 

 But in camp the typical shelter was a 

 lean-to of bark and brush laid over poles, 

 two being placed opposite each other, 

 with a central fire. To-day, throughout 

 most of the year, they live in the same 

 manner, except that canvas has super- 

 seded the bark and brush covering. 



After the Cassiar gold excitement in 

 1874 they built a substantial log village 

 on level space upward of a mile and a 

 half from the junction of the Tahltan 

 with the Stikine, which is generally 

 known as Tahltan, though its native name 

 is Goon-tdar-shaga ( * where the spring 

 water stops'). The only other native 

 settlement is at Telegraph Creek, where 

 a number of small log houses have been 

 built to keep pace with the growth of the 

 white settlement. 



The social organization of the Tahltan 

 without doubt has developed from asso- 

 ciation with the coast Tlingit. It is 

 founded on matriarchy and is dependent 

 on the existence of two exogamous par- 

 ties who intermarry. These parties may 

 be designated, from their totemic em- 

 blems, as Cheskea (Raven) and Cheona 

 (Wolf). These are subdivided into fam- 

 ilies, which assume all the functions of 

 the party and supplement each other at 

 all meetings and on all occasions of cere- 

 mony. The family is the unit of social 

 and political life, in which all individual- 

 ity is merged, succession follows, and in- 

 heritance is secured. The families are: 



(1) Tuckclarwaydee, of the Wolf party, 

 which, besides having the wolf emblem, 

 is represented by the brown bear, the 

 eagle, and the killer-whale. It originated 

 in the interior about the headwaters of 

 Nass r. This family is credited with 

 having been the first to settle in this 

 country and the founders of the Tahltan 

 tribe. 



(2) Nanyiee, of the Wolf party, which, 

 besides having the wolf emblem, is rep- 

 resented by the brown bear, the killer- 

 whale, and the shark. The original 

 home of this people was in the interior, 

 about the headwaters of Taku r., which 

 they descended to salt water and settled 

 among the Stikine Tlingit; in later years 

 they ascended Stikine r. and became a 

 family of the Tahltan, while others crossed 

 the trail in still more recent times and 

 joined their brethren. 



(3) Talarkoteen of the Wolf party, 

 represented by the wolf crest. They 

 originated in the interior, about Peace r. , 

 and followed down Liard r. to Dease lake 

 and then crossed to the Tuya. They are 

 nearly extinct. 



(4) Kartchottee, of the Raven party, 

 represented by both the raven emblem 

 and that of the frog. This family orig- 

 inated in the interior toward the head- 

 waters of the Taku. Some of the family 

 married among the Tahltan in early 

 days. Another branch descended Sti- 

 kine r. long ago, affiliated with the Kake 

 tribe of the Tlingit people, and gener- 

 ations later their descendents followed 

 up the Stikine and became Tahltan. 

 This is now the most numerous family 

 of the tribe. 



The Tahltan live by hunting and trap- 

 ping. The country is rich in fur-bearing 

 animals and big game. In late years, 

 since hunters have been attracted thither, 

 they have earned considerable as guides, 

 besides working for the trading com- 

 panies' pack-teams. They are an adapt- 

 able people, who are fast giving up the tra- 

 ditions of the past for the hixuries of civil- 

 ization, with which their earnings supply 

 them, and in the course of a few years 

 there will be little left of their more 

 primitive life. They numbered 229 in 

 1909, and have reached that stage where 

 they are holding their own. They are of 

 medium stature, spare rather than stout, 

 and have high cheek-bones, full mouth, 

 aquiline nose rather broad at the base, 

 small hands and feet, coarse black hair, 

 and mild and pleasant expression. On 

 the whole they are an honest, agreeable, 

 kindly people, hospitably inclined and 

 dignified in bearing. In many instances 

 their admixture with the Tlingit is ex- 

 pressed in their features, producing a 

 much less pleasing type. In addition to 

 the authors cited below, consult Teit in 

 Boas Anniv. Vol., 337, 1906. (g. t. e. ) 



Conneuaghs.— Pope, MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1865. 

 Kun-un-ah'.— Dall in Proc. Am. A. A. S., xxxiv, 

 376, 1886. Nahanies of the Upper Stikine.— Pope, 

 op. cit. Stick. — Smith qiiotod by Colyer in Ind. 

 Aff. Rep. 18ti9, 567, 1870. Tahl-tan.— i)awson in 

 Rep. Geol. Surv. Can., 192b, 1889. Talyan.— Smith, 

 op. cit., 568. 



Tahluptsi. The almost extinct Yellow- 

 wood or Evergreen Oak clan of the pueblo 

 of Zuni, N. Mex. 



Ta'hluptsi-kwe.— Gushing in 13th Rep. B. A. E., 

 368, 1896 (kire = ' people ') . 



Tahuagabacahel ( ' water-hole of the 

 withered pitahaya ' ) . A rancheria, prob- 

 ably of the Cochimi, connected with 

 Purisima mission in s. Lower California 

 in the 18th century. — Doc. Hist. Mex., 

 4th s., v, 188, 1857. 



Tahuglauk. A tribe, evidently myth- 

 ical, but which, according to Lahontan, 

 lived about the year 1690 in the region of 

 the upper Missouri r., on a river flowing 

 westward into a great salt lake. 

 Tahuglank.— Harris, Voy. and Trav. ii, 920, 1705 

 (misprint). Tahuglauk. — Lahontan, New Voy., 

 I, 125, 1703. Tahuglucks. — Coxe, Carolana, map, 

 1741. Tahulauk.— Barcia, Ensayo, 298, 1723. 



Tahuunde ( Ta'ku-iXn'de, ' mountains- 

 extending-into-river people'). A divi- 

 sion of the Mescalero Apache, who claim 



