684 



TAMMUKAN TAMULEKO 



[b. a. e. 



Indian life and custom. Of several such 

 societies organized about the Revolution- 

 ary period the only ones still existing are 

 the secret Improved Order of Red Men 

 (q. V.) and the famous Tammany Society, 

 originally established as a patriotic and 

 charitable organization, Ijut now for many 

 years best known as the dominating fac- 

 tor in the l^emocratic politics of New 

 York city. It was founded in 1786 by 

 William Mooney, a Revolutionary veteran 

 and former leader of tlie "Sons of Lib- 

 erty," and regularly organized with a 

 constitution in 1789 (most of the original 

 members being Revolutionary soldiers), 

 for the purpose of guarding "the inde- 

 pendence, the popular liberty, and the 

 federal union of the country," in opposi- 

 tion to the efforts of the aristocratic ele- 

 ment, as represented by Hamilton and 

 the Federalists, to make the new govern- 

 ment practically a monarchy, with life 

 tenure for President and Senate and a re- 

 stricted property suffrage. Its two main 

 purposes were declared to be (1 ) the per- 

 petuity of republican institutions, and (2) 

 the care of Revolutionary soldiers, their 

 widows and orphans, "and of others who 

 might be proper objects of charity." 

 The society — occasionally at lirst known 

 as the Columbian Order — took an Indian 

 title and formulated for itself a ritual 

 based upon supposedly Indian custom. 

 Thus, the name chosen Avas that of the 

 traditional Delaware chief; the meeting 

 place was called the "wigwam"; there 

 were 13 "tribes" or branches corre- 

 sponding to the 13 original states, the 

 New York parent organization being the 

 "Eagle TriVje," New Hampshire the 

 "Otter Tribe," Delaware the "Tiger 

 Tribe," whence the famous "Tammany 

 tiger," etc. The principal officer of 

 each tribe was styled the "sachem," and 

 the head of the whole organization was 

 designated the kitchi okeemair, or grand 

 sachem, which office was held by Mooney 

 himself for more than 20 years. Subor- 

 dinate officers also were designated by 

 other Indian titles, records were kept ac- 

 cording to the Indian system by moons 

 and seasons, and at the regular meetings 

 the members attended in semi-Indian 

 costume. 



For the first 30 years of its existence, 

 until the close of the War of 1812, nearly 

 the whole effort of the society was di- 

 rected to securing and broadening the 

 foundations of the young republic, and it 

 ite possible that without Tammany's con- 

 stant vigilance the National Government 

 could not have survived the open and 

 secret attacks of powerful foes both within 

 and without. In 1790 it was chiefly in- 

 strumental in the negotiation of a treaty 

 with the Creek Indians, by which the 

 peace of the southern border was secured. 



About the same time it took steps for the 

 establishment of an Indian museum, the 

 germ of the New York Historical Society. 

 In 1808 it collected and gave suitable 

 burial to the bones of the Revolutionary 

 victims of the prison ships at Wallabout 

 bay. In the War of 1812 it furnished 

 three generals to the United States army, 

 and 1,200 men from its own membership 

 for the construction of defenses about 

 New York city. In 1817 it brought back 

 from Canada and interred with fitting 

 ceremony the body of Gen. Richard 

 Montgomery, killed at the siege of Que- 

 bec. In 1826, after years of effort, it se- 

 cured full manhood suffrage in the state 

 of New York, and in 1831 it procured 

 the abolition of imprisonment for debt in 

 New York city. In 1861 it raised from 

 its membership, equipped, and sent to 

 the front, under its own Grand Sachem 

 as colonel, the 42d N. Y. Infantry regi- 

 ment. The original New York organiza- 

 tion still survives, the other branches 

 having long passed out of existence, but 

 of late years it has devoted its energies 

 chiefly to the control of local politics. 

 Its central executive body is known aa 

 Tammany Hall. Theoretically the "So- 

 ciety" and the " Hall" are two distinct 

 bodies, the one representing the social 

 and fraternal functions, the other the 

 political "machine"; but as their officer- 

 ship is largely identical, their meetings 

 held in the same "wigwam," and the 

 names similar, the distinction is of minor 

 importance. Consult Heckewelder, Ind. 

 Nations, 1876; Drake, Aboriginal Races 

 of N. Am., 1880; Haines, Am. Ind. 

 (chapter on The Order of Red Men), 

 1888; Davis, Tammany Hall, in Munsey's 

 Mag., Oct. 1900; Encycl. Americana, art. 

 Tammany, 1904. (.i. m.) 



Tammukan. A Cholovone village E. of 

 lower San Joaquin r. , Cal. — Pinart, Cholo- 

 vone- MS., 1880. 



Tampa. A Calusa village on the s. w. 

 coast of Florida, about 1570, according to 

 Fontaneda (Memoir ca. 1575, Smith 

 trans., 19, 1854). He gives it first place 

 in his list of more than 20 Calusa villages 

 and describes it as a large town. 



Tamuleko (from taman, or tamalin, 

 'north'). A general term, which may 

 be translated "northerners," applied by 

 the Miwok of the southern Sierra Nevada 

 region of California to all the people liv- 

 ing to the N. of themselves. The name 

 was applied not only by the INIiwok as a 

 whole to a peo])le of another stock living 

 to the N., but the people of any IMiwok 

 village employed it in referring to the 

 people of the same stock living in the 

 region perhaps but a few miles n. of 

 themselves. Similarly the people living 

 in the other cardinal directions were 

 called, respectively, Hisotoko, 'eastern- 



