BOLL. 30] 



TAW ASH TAW EH ASH 



705 



bamn towns, from which it seems likely 

 that the Tawa?a had allied or re-allied 

 themselves with the Alibamu after the 

 disturbance just alluded to. Their subse- 

 quent history is probably the same as 

 that of the Alibamu (q. v.)- (J- R- s-) 

 Ooe-Asa. — Adair, Am. Inds., 156, 1775. Tanessee.— 

 Jeffervs. Am. Atlas, map 5, 1776. Taouachas.— 

 Penicaut (1710) in Margry, Dec, v, 486, 1883. 

 Tarwarsa.— Sen. Ex. Doc. 425, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 

 270, 1830. Tarwassaw.— Woodward, Reminis., 12, 

 18.59. Tavossi.— Alcedo, Die. Geog., V, 57, 1789. 

 Tawasas.— Swan ( 1791) in Sclioolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 

 V, 252, 1855. Tawassa.—Gatschet, Creek Migr. Leg., 

 I, 88, 1884. Taw warsa.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 

 IV, 578, 18.54. Ta-w-wassa.— Pettus in Trans. Ala. 

 Hist.Soc, n,135,lS98. Toasi.— Gentl.of Elvas(1557) 

 in French, Hi.«t. Coll. La., 154, 1850 (probably iden- 

 tical) . Tomasa.— U. S. Ind. Treat. (1827), 421, 1837. 

 Too-wos-sau.— Hawkins, Sketch (1799), 36, 1848. 

 Toiiachas.— Penicaut (1723) in Margry, D^c., v, 

 457, 1883. Towarsa.— Campbell (1836) in H. R. 

 Doc. 274, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 20, 1838. 



Tawash. The extinct Moon clans of 

 Sia and San Felipe pueblos, N. Mex. 

 Ta-wac— Stevenson in 11th Rep. B. A. E., 19,1894 

 {c=sh). Tawash-hano.— Hodge in Am. Anthr., 

 IX, 351, 1896 (ftaHO='people'). 



Taweeratt. See Orehaoue. 



Tawehash {Ta-ive^-hash, commonly 

 known in early Spanish writings as Tao- 

 vayas.) A principal tribe of the Wichita 

 confederacy, distinct from the Wichita 

 proper, although the terms are now 

 used as synonymous. By the mid- 

 dle of the 18th century they had set- 

 tled on upper Eed r., where they re- 

 mained relatively fixed for about a hun- 

 dred yeans. Rumors of a tribe called the 

 Teguayos, or Aijaos, who may have been 

 the Tawehash, reached New Mexico from 

 the E. earlv in the 17th century (Ban- 

 croft, No. Mex. States, i, 387, 1886). The 

 Toayas found by La Harpe in 1719 on Ca- 

 nadian r. with the Touacara (Tawakoni), 

 Ousitas (Wichita), and Ascanis (Hasinai) 

 were evidently the Tawehash, and his re- 

 port gives us our first definite knowledge 

 of them (Margry, Dec, vi, 278, 282, 289, 

 1886). Their southward migration, due 

 to pressure from the Osage, Chickasaw, 

 and Comanche, was probably contempo- 

 rary with that of their kinsfolk, the Ta- 

 wakoni (q. v.). That their settlement 

 on Red r. was relatively recent in 1759 

 is asserted by Antonio Tremiiio, a Spanish 

 captive who was released by the tribe in 

 1765 (Testimony of Tremino, Aug. 13, 

 1765, MS. in Bexar Archives). 



The Spaniards of New Mexico usually 

 designated the Tawehash as the Jumanos 

 (q. v.); the French frequently called 

 them and the Wichita Pani pique, or 

 tattooed Pawnee, while to the Span- 

 iards of San Antonio and the officials in 

 Mexico they were uniformly the Taovai/ns 

 (in varying forms of orthography) and 

 Wichita (see Declaration of Pedro Latren 

 at Santa Fe, Mar. 5, 1750, MS. in Archivo 

 Gen.). 



After La Harpe's visit, in 1719, the 

 group of tribes to which the Tawehash 



3456— Bull. 30, pt 2—07 45 



belonged became attached, through trade, 

 to the French, while on the other hand 

 they saw little of the Spaniards. But 

 from indifferent strangers the Tawehash 

 and the Spaniards soon became converted 

 into active foes through their differing re- 

 lations to the Comanche and the Apache. 

 To the Comanche and the Tawehash alike 

 the Apache were a hated enemy, while 

 the founding of San Sabd mission in 1757, 

 for the Lipan Apache, put the Spaniards 

 in the light of Apache allies. The result 

 was the destruction of the mission in Mar. 

 1758, by a large force of Comanche, Wichi- 

 ta,Tawehash, and other northern Indians. 

 To avenge this injury, Don Diego Ortiz 

 Parrilla, a soldier of renown, was put in 

 command of 500 men — regulars, militia, 

 Tlascaltecan, and mission Indians — and 

 equipped for a four months' campaign. 

 Leaving San Antonio, in Aug. 1759, he 

 marched with Apache allies to the Tawe- 

 hash settlement, which he found flying a 

 French flag, fortified by ditch and stock- 

 ade, and so strongly defended that he was 

 repulsed with loss of baggage-train and 

 two cannon. Years afterward Bonilla 

 wrote: "And the memory of this event 

 remains to this day on the Taovayases 

 frontier as a disgrace to the Spaniards" 

 (Breve Compendio, 1772, trans, by West 

 in Tex. Hist. Asso. Quar., viii, 55, 1905). 

 The cannon were not recovered till 20 

 years later. 



Parrilla's report of the Tawehash forti- 

 fication was confirmed in 1765 by Tre- 

 miiio, the released captive mentioned 

 above. According to him it was built 

 especially to resist Parrilla's attack. It 

 consisted of a palisaded embankment 

 about 4 ft high, with deep ditches at 

 the E. and w. ends, to prevent approach 

 on horseback. Inside the enclosure were 

 4 subterranean houses or cellars for the 

 safety of non-combatants (Tremiiio, op. 

 cit. ). From the time of Parrilla's cam- 

 paign forward the Tawehash settlement 

 was referred to in Spanish writings as the 

 "fort of the Taovayas." Of interest in 

 this connection is the record that the 

 Waco, also of the Wichita group, had at 

 their village a similar earthen wall or 

 citadel which was still visible in the lat- 

 ter part of the 19th century (Kennej'^ in 

 Wooten, Comp. Hist. Texas, i, 745, 1898). 



In 1760, the year after the famous bat- 

 tle, Fray Calahorra y Saenz, the veteran 

 missionary at Nacogdoches, was sent to the 

 fortaleza to effect a peace, which he accom- 

 plished, at least nominally (Fray Joseph 

 Lopez to Parrilla, Exp. sobre San SaM, 

 MS. in Archivo Gen., 1760). The libera- 

 tion of Tremifio in 1765 was attended 

 with special marks of friendship. He was 

 escorted to Nacogdoches by head chief 

 Eya-siquiche, who was made a Spanish 

 official and sent home with presents of a 



