706 



TAWEHASH 



[B. A. B. 



cane, a dress-coat, and three horses. He 

 would not consent, however, to Cala- 

 horra's proposal of a mission for his peo- 



Ble (Calahorra, letter of July 16, 1765, 

 [S. in Bexar Archives). In spite of these 

 signs of amity, the Spaniards still enter- 

 tained suspicions of the Tawehash^ but 

 matters were improved by the efforts of 

 Mezieres, a skilful Indian agent. In 

 1770 he met the Tawehash, Tawakoni, 

 Yscanis, and Kichai chiefs in a conference 

 at the Kadohadacho (Caddo) village. The 

 treaty arranged at this time was ratified at 

 Natchitoches in Oct. 1771, by three Tawe- 

 hash chiefs, who by proxy represented the 

 Comanche also. Among other things, 

 they promised to give up their Spanish 

 captives and Parrilla's cannon, not to pass 

 San Antonio in pursuit of the Apache 

 without reporting there, and to deliver to 

 the Spanish authorities the head of any 

 violator of the peace. This compact was 

 solemnized by the ceremony of burying 

 the hatchet (Articles of peace, MS. in 

 Archivo Gen., Hist., xx). From this 

 time forward the Tawehash were gener- 

 ally named among the friendly tribes, but 

 they were seldom trusted. They were, 

 however, often turned against the Apache, 

 and in 1813 they aided the revolutionists 

 against the royal arms ( Arredondo to the 

 Viceroy, Sept. 13, 1813, MS. in Archivo 

 Gen. ). As a tribe they were never sub- 

 jected to mission influence, which may be 

 said of all the tribes of the Wichita con- 

 federacy. 



In 1772, and again in 1778, Mezieres 

 visited the Tawehash settlement to fur- 

 ther cement their friendship, and from 

 his reports we get our fullest knowledge 

 of their relationships and society. They 

 spoke nearly or quite the same language 

 as their kinsmen and allies, the Wichita, 

 Tawakoni, and Yscani. Their settlement 

 was situated on Red r., at the eastern 

 Cross Timbers. At the time of Mezieres' 

 second visit it consisted of a population 

 of 800 fighting men and youths, living in 

 two villages on opposite banks of the 

 river. That on the n. side was composed 

 of 37 and the other of 123 grass lodges, 

 each containing 10 or 12 beds. To these 

 two villages Mezieres at this time gave 

 the names San Teodoro and San Ber- 

 nardo, in honor of the commandant gen- 

 eral of the interior provinces and of the 

 governor of Louisiana. The Tawehash 

 had extensive agriculture, raising corn, 

 beans, calabashes, watermelons, and to- 

 bacco, with which they supplied the Co- 

 manche, in exchange for horses and cap- 

 tives. The calabashes they cut up in 

 strips which, when dry, were made into 

 chains or mats for convenience in carry- 

 ing. Though fish were plentiful in the 

 river, they are said not to have eaten 

 them. Women took part in the govern- 



ment, which was democratic. Chiefs, 

 who prided themselves on owning noth- 

 ing, did not hold office by hereditary 

 right, but were elected for their valor. 

 Regarding the religion of the people 

 Mezieres mentioned "fire worship" and 

 belief in a very material heaven and hell 

 (see also Wichita). 



There is some ground for thinking that 

 one of the two villages of the Tawehash 

 settlement described by Mezieres in 1778 

 was composed of the VVichita tribe, who 

 six years before had been living on Salt 

 Fork of the Brazos, 60 leagues away. 

 But the Wichita later were still living — 

 a part of the time at least — on the up- 

 per Brazos. About 1777 or 1778 the 

 "Panis-Mahas" (Ouvaes, Aguajes, Agui- 

 chi [see Ahvech'\) came southward and 

 settled with the Tawehash, but at the 

 time of Mezieres' visit in 1778 they 

 had withdrawn temporarily northwest- 

 ward. Within a few months, however, 

 they returned, and seem to have re- 

 mained permanently with the Tawehash 

 (Mezieres, MS. letters in Mem. de Nueva 

 Espafia, xxviii, 229, 281-82). They evi- 

 dently established a separate village, for 

 Fernandez in 1778 and Mares in 1789 each 

 noted in this locality three Jumanes or 

 Tawehash villages a short distance apart 

 (diaries in the Archivo Gen. ). Twenty 

 years later Davenport said that on Red r., 

 100 leagues above Natchitoches, there 

 were still three neighboring villages of 

 these people, which he called the Ta- 

 huyds, Huichitas, and Aguichi, respec- 

 tively (Noticia, 1809, MS. in Archivo 

 Gen.). 



Austin's map of 1829 (original in the 

 Department of Fomento, Mexico) and 

 the Karte von Texas of 1839 both show 

 the Tawehash settlement on Wichita r., 

 above the junction of the two main 

 branches. For their treaties with the 

 United States and their removal to reser- 

 vations, see Wichita (confederacy). Con- 

 sult also Jumano. (h. e. b. ) 

 Ahijados.— Frevtas, Pefialosa (1662), 35, 66, 1882 

 (identical?). Ahijaos.— Ibid., 34 (identical?). Ah- 

 ijitos.— Morfl, MS. Hist. Texas, bk. 2, ca. 1782 

 (identical?). Aijados. — Bancroft, Ariz, and New 

 Mex., 150, 1889 (identical?). Aijaos. — Pefialosa 

 (1662) cited by Bancroft, ibid., 163 (identical?). 

 Aixaos.— Benavides, Memorial, 85, 1630 (identi- 

 cal?). Axtaos.— Ofiate (1606) cited bv Prince, 

 Hist. N. Mex., 166, 1883 (identical?). Ayjados.— 

 Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, iii, 169, 1890 

 (identical?). Ayjaos.— Zarate-Salmeron {ca. 1629), 

 Rel., in Land of Sun.shine, 46, Dec. 1899 (identi- 

 cal?). Jumana. — Morfi, op. cit. Jumanes. — Pedro 

 Latren, op. cit., 1750. Jumano. — For other forms 

 of this n&me see Jumano. (Until the recent in- 

 vestigations by Dr H. E. Bolton, the identifica- 

 tion of the Jumano was in doubt. — Editor.) Pan- 

 ipiques.— Pedro Latren, op. cit. Panipiquet.— Form 

 cited in earlv documents of Texas. Paniques. — 

 Latren, op. c'it., 1750. Skin pricks.— Clark (1804) 

 in Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, i, 190, 1904 (re- 

 ferring to their custom of tattooing). Taaovai- 

 azes.— Mezieres, MS. letter in Mem. de Nueva Es- 

 pafia, XXVIII, 235, 1778. Taaovayases. — Mezieres, 

 ibid., 247. 177° Tabayase.— Doc. 603 in Tex. State 



