BULL. 30] 



TAWI TAWISKARON 



707 



Archives, 1791-92. Taboayas.— Gov. Cabello, In- 

 forme, 1784, MS. in Aichivo Gen. Taboayases. — 

 Mezi^res, op. cit., 261, 1779. Taboayazes.— Gov. 

 Cabello, Rep. on Comanches, 178G, MS. in Bexar 

 Archives. Tabuayas. — Rivera to Oconor, 1768, 

 MS. in B^xar Archives. Taguace. — Vial, Diary, 

 1787, MS. in Archive Gen. Taguaias.— Parilla to 

 Viceroy, Nov. 8, 1760, MS. in Archive Gen. Ta- 

 guais.— Tremino, op. cit., 1765. Taguallas.— Leal, 

 Noticia, 1794, MS. in Bexar Archives. Taguay- 

 ares. — Cabello, Informe, MS., 1784. Taguayas. — 

 Lopez to Parilla, Expediente sobre San Sabd, 

 1760, MS. in ArchivoGen. Taguayazes.— Cabello, 

 op. cit. Taguayces. — Ibid. Taguayes. — Gov. Ba- 

 rrios, Informe, 1771, MS. in Archivo Gen. Tagua- 

 yos.— Courbiere, Relacion, 1791, MS. in Bexar 

 Archives. Tahuaias.— Treaty with the tribe, 1821, 

 MS. in Archivo Gen. Tahuallaus. — Arredondo, op. 

 cit., 1813. Tahuaya.— Census of 1790 in Texas State 

 Archives, 1792. Tahuayace.— Doc. of Sept. 20, 1826, 

 in Texas State Archives. Tahuayaces — Vial, Dia- 

 ry, MS. , 1787. Tabuayas.— Da venport, Noticia, 1809, 

 MS. in Archivo Gen. Tabuayase. — Doc. of Aug. 



I, 1804. in Texas State Archives. Tahuayases.— 

 Treatv with the tribe, 1821, MS. in Archivo Gen. 

 Tamayaca.— Bull. Soc.Geog. Mex., 267, 1870. Tao- 

 baianes. — Mezieres, op. cit., 1778. Taobayace.— 

 Bull. Soc. Geog. Mex., 267, 1870. Taobayais.— 

 Expediente sobre la Dolosa Paz, 1774. Taobay- 

 ases. — Mezieres, op. cit., 1778. Taouayaches.— 

 Robin, Voy. Louisiane, iii, 3, 1807. Taouayas. — 

 Exp. sobre la Dolosa Paz, 1774. Taovayaiaces. — 

 Mezieres, op. cit., 1778. Taovayases.— Bonilla 

 (1772), Breve Compendio, in Tex. Hist. Quar., 

 VIII, 57, 1905. Tauweash.— McCoy, Ann. Reg., no. 

 4, 27, 1838. Tavaiases.— Mezieres, Relaci6n, 1770, 

 MS. in Archivo Gen. Tavaiazes. — Ibid. Tava- 

 yas.— Bucareli to Ripperdft, Nov. 18, 1772, MS. in 

 B^xar Archives. Tavoayases. — ("roix, Relacion 

 Particular, 1778, MS. in Archivo Gen. Tavoy- 

 aces. — Mezieres in Mem. de Nueva Espaiia, 

 XXVIII, 283. Ta-wai-hash.— H. R. Rep. 299, 44th 

 Cong., Istsess, 1,1876. Tawai'-hias.— Ibid. (Cad- 

 do name). Tawe'hash.— Moonev in 14th Rep. B. 

 A. E., 1095, 1896 (Caddo and Kichal name). Taw- 

 weeahs.— Ind. Aff. Rep., 558, 1837. Toajas.— La 

 Harpe (1719) in Margry, D6c., VI, 290, 1886. Toan- 

 yaces. — Mezieres (1778) quoted by Bancroft, No. 

 Mex. States, i, 661, 1886. Toauyaces.— Mezieres, 

 op. cit., 229, 1778. Toayas.— La Harpe, op. cit., 

 1719. Tomachas.— Domenech, Deserts, II, 191, 

 1860 (misprint). Too-war-sar.— Clark (1804) in 

 Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, I, 190, 3904. Tori- 

 uash.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, ii, 126, 1852. 

 Touasbes. — Bollaert in Jour. Ethnol. Soc. Lond., 



II, 279, 1850. Towaahach.— Lewis and Clark, 

 Journal, 149, 1840. Towaches. — Morgan in N. Am. 

 Rev., 65, Jan. 1870. Towahach. — Lewisand Clark, 

 Journal, 149, 1840. Towahbans.— ten Kate, Syn- 

 onvmie. 10, 1884. Towash.— Kennev in Wooten, 

 Comp. Hist. Tex., 753, 1898. Tow-ash.— Ind. Aff. 

 Rep. 1849, 33, 1850. Towcash.— Trimble quoted by 

 Morse, Rep. to Sec. War, 257, 1822. Tow-ce-ahge.— 

 ten Kate, Synonymic, 10, 1884. Toweache. — 

 Schermerhorri (1812) in Mass. Hist. Coll., 2d s., 

 II, 26, 1814. Toweash.— Thomas (1845) in Sen. Ex. 

 Doc. 14, 32d Cong., 2d sess., 131, 1853. Tow- 

 eeahge. Catlin, N. A. Inds., Ii, 73, 1844 (own 

 name). Tow-eeash.— Kennedy, Texas, map, 1841. 

 Towiaches.— Sibley. Hist. Sketches, 74, 1806. 

 Towiaohe-Tawakenoes. — Balbi, Atlas Ethnogr. , 

 54, 1826 (improperly combined with Tawakoni). 

 Towiash. — Latham in Trans. Philol. Soc. Lond., 

 104, 1856. Towish.— Karte von Texas, 1839. To- 

 woash.— Drake, Bk. Inds., xii, 1848 (confounded 

 AVit h Tawak( mi ) . Towoasbe. — Domenech , Deserts, 

 I, 444, 1860. Towrache.— Siblev, Hist. Sketches, 

 108, 1806. Towzash.— Butler and Lewis (1846) in 

 H. R. Doc. 76, 29th Cong., 2d .sess.. 7, 1847. Toy- 

 ash.— Hildreth, Dragoon Campaigns, 160, 1836. 



Tawi. A Cholovone village on lower 

 San Joaquin r., Cal. — Pinart, Cholovone 

 MS., B. A. E., 1880. 



Tawiskaron ( Tawis^fcarro^' , Tawis^kara, 

 Thauwiskalau (Oneida), TdwV-skd-ld 

 (Cherokee, 'Flint'), Tawiskano for 



Tau/M-urano', and Saietviskerat. The 

 nominal stem, dialectically varied, is in 

 these expressions -wiskdr-, -u-isker-, or 

 -iviskdl-, occurring in the lexical terms 

 owiskdrd', owiskerd', or oiviskdld' , respec- 

 tively, and meaning 'ice', 'hair, 'sleet'; 

 these latter are derivatives of the noun 

 owiyd', 'ice', 'hail', 'sleet', 'frozen 

 snow', 'glare ice', and 'glass goblet' 

 (modern); of this noun the Tuscarora 

 uwV(;rd' is a dialectic form, whence 

 comes wvVsekra^ with the specific mean- 

 ing ' sleet or rain frozen to trees and to 

 the ground ' ; and the initial t- of the 

 first six appellatives is a characteristic 

 prefix of proper names and is in fact an 

 expletive dual sign, originally meaning 

 'two', 'two-fold', 'complete', 'in a 

 double degree' ; and the a- for the full 

 ha-, affixed to the nominal stem, -wiskdr-, 

 is the prefix pronoun of the third person, 

 masculine sex, singular number, and an- 

 thropic gender, signifying ' he ' ; lastly, 

 the verb-stem -?-o«', suffixed to the nomi- 

 nal stem, is the perfect tense form of 

 the anomalous verb-stem -ren', 'affix or 

 add to', or 'be arrayed in' ; hence the 

 expression Ta)ci.'<karron' signifies ' He is 

 arrayed in ice in a double degree.' The 

 expression Tmmskara, or rather Tmvis^- 

 kdrd', is the noun modified only by the 

 affixes explained above, and signifies 

 'He (is) ice in a double degree', the 

 substantive verb being unexpressed but 

 undenstood. The final vowel and the 

 glottic close of this compound is either 

 modified or dropped when an adjective 

 is suffixed to it, as in the following: The 

 adjective -ano' signifies 'cold', 'chilly' ; 

 hence Tawiskarano' means ' He (is) ice, 

 cold in a double degi-ee.' The substan- 

 tive verb, as is usual in the present tense 

 of attributive themes, is not here ex- 

 pressed. In the sentence-word Saiewis- 

 kerat, one of the characteristic functions 

 or activities of the personage designated 

 by this expression is described. The 

 initial syllable sa- signifies 'again', 

 'anew', 'repeatedly', and limits the 

 meaning of the verb in the expression; 

 ie- is the pronoun of the third person, 

 indefinite as to sex and number, although 

 usually singular, and commonly signifies 

 'one', 'one who' ; the noun-stem is ex- 

 plained above; lastly, the suffix verb- 

 stem -ai, being the present tense form of 

 the anomalous verb -af, signifies 'present', 

 ' show ', ' spread ' ' cause to be present ' ; 

 hence the expression as an appellative 

 means ' Again one causes ice to be present 

 (as is his habit)'. These etymologic de- 

 rivations of a number of the appellatives 

 applied to a certain personality would 

 seem to connect him directly with the 

 frost-bringing and the ice-forming po- 

 tency in nature, and that they establish 

 the inference that Tawiskaron is the 



