746 



THEEE SAINTS THLTNDERBIRD 



[B. A. E. 



Matopelotni. — Gatschet, Penobscot MS.,B. A. E., 

 1887 (Penobscot name). Three Rivers. — Jefferys, 

 French Doms., pt. I, 110, 1761. Tresrevere. — 

 Williams, Vt. , I, 429, 1809. trois Rivieres.— Burnet 

 (1727) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., V, 826, 1855. Trois 

 Rivieres.— Doc. of 1659, ibid., xill, 113, 1881. Troy 

 River.— Doc. of 1709, ibid., v, 86, 1855. 



Three Saints. A Kaniagmiut Eskimo 

 village on Kodiak id., on the site of the 

 earliest Russian settlement in Alaska, 

 founded in 1784 by Shelikof, and named 

 after his ship. Pop. 7 in 1880. 

 Three Saints Bay. — Petroflf in 10th Census, Alaska, 

 29, 1884. Ziatitz. — Coast Surv. charts (corrupted 

 from Russian sviatoi, 'saint'). 



Three Springs. A well-known point, in 

 the middle of the 18th century, on the 

 trail from Frankstown to the Ohio; situ- 

 ated near the borough of the same name 

 in Huntingdon co.. Pa. In various con- 

 temporary journals it is located 10 m. 

 N. w. of Black Log. See Col. Rec. Pa., v, 

 750,762,1851. (g. p. d.) 



Three Springs. — Wei.ser (1748) in Arch. Pa., n, 13, 

 1852. 3 Springs.— Scull map, 17,59. 



Threse. A band, probably Moque- 

 lumnan, formerly frequenting Stanislaus 

 and Tuolumne rs., central Cal.^ — Wessells 

 (1853) in H. R. Ex. Doc. 76, 34th Cong., 

 3dses8.,30, 1857. 



Throwing stick. This implement, called 

 also throwing board, dart sling, and atlatl, 

 is an apparatus for hurling a lance, spear, 

 or harpoon at birds and aquatic animals. 

 It measures from 16 to 20 in., with ex- 

 tremes from 8 to 30 in. The essential 

 parts are (1) the body; (2) the groove on 

 the upper side for the spear shaft, not 

 always present; (3) the grip, the part 

 held in the hand for throwing; and (4) a 

 hook, hole, or socket to fit the end or the 

 shaft of the projectile. The materials. 



ESKIMO THROWING STICK 



forms, and the presence or absence of 

 some of the parts are sure marks by which 

 throwing sticks of different areas can be 

 distinguished. This sling device was 

 widely diffused about the shores of the 

 Pacific. It was used by all the Eskimo 

 tribes, also in s. e. Alaska, the Interior 

 Basin, California, and Florida. The body 

 may be in form a rod, a double cone, or a 

 broad piece of wood. The grip may be 

 the natural form of the stick, or this may 

 be furnished with holes, pockets, pegs, 

 loops, or notches, alone or combined, to 

 insure a firmer grasp, as was especially the 

 case with the throwing sticks of the arctic 

 region. The groove, when present, is 

 either rounded or squared, and it serves 

 as a rest for the shaft between the fingers 



and the butt end of the body. The end of 

 the spear is loosely attached to the stick in 

 three ways: (1) by a shallow socket which 

 fits on a spur, (2) by a socket at the end of 

 the stick into which fits a conical projec- 

 tion on the spear shaft, or, (3) as in (Green- 

 land, by pegs on the harpoon shaft that 

 fit into holes in the throwing stick. This 

 device attained the highest perfection 

 among the Me.xicans and Peruvians, 

 whose atlatl was raised to the dignity of 

 a fighting weapon. 



The throwing stick, the varieties of 

 which are endless, added an extra joint to 

 the arm and thus multiplied its efficiency 

 in hurling; it could beused in places where 

 the bow would be impracticable, as in a 

 canoe or where only one hand would be 

 available, also among marshy growth ; and 

 it propelled a missile many times heavier 

 than an arrow\ The thrower held the 

 grip by his right hand, the thumb turned 

 inward; fitted the butt end of the pro- 

 jectile to the hook, socket, or hole in the 

 outer end of the throwing stick; laid the 

 shaft of the weapon in the groove, hold- 

 ing it down with three fingers, and placed 

 the whole against the right shoulder, 

 point forward, ready to drive the weapon 

 at the game by apropulsive thrust. When 

 the missile struck the animal it held the 

 latter by means of a toggle or barbsy which 

 retarded its progress and helped to bring 

 it in, the whole apparatus being one of the 

 most complicated and ingenious devices 

 of savagery. See Lance. 



Consult Krause (1) in Internat. Archiv 

 f. Ethnog., XX, 121-153, 1902, and bibli- 

 ography therein, (2) in Smithson. Rep. 

 1904, 619, 1905; Mason (1) in Rep. Nat. 

 Mus. 1884, 279, 1S85, (2) in Proc. Nat. 

 Mus., XVI, 219, 1894, (3) in Am. Anthr., 

 V, 66, 1892; Culin in Bull. Free Mus. 

 Univ. Pa., i, 183, 1898; Cushing in Proc. 

 Am. Asso. Adv. Sci., xliv, 1896; Pepper 



(1) in Internat. Cong. Americanists, 1902, 



(2) in Putnam Anniv. Vol., 1909; Bush- 

 nell in Am. Anthr., vii, no. 2, 1905; 

 Uhle, ibid., xi, no. 4, 1909. (o. t. m.) 



Thukhita. A Kuitsh village on lower 

 Umpqua r., Oreg. 



Tfu-qi'-ia.— Dorsey in Jour. Am. Folk-lore, ill, 

 231, 1890. 



Thunder Bay. A Chippewa or Ottawa 

 band formerly living on Thunder bay, in 

 Alpena co., Mich. — Detroit treaty (1855) 

 in U. S. Ind. Treat., 615, 1873. 



Thunderbird. Thunder and lightning 

 were usually supposed to be produced by 

 a being or a number of beings different 

 from all others. On the great plains, 

 where the phenomena of thunderstorms 

 are very striking, and northwestward to 

 the Pacific coast, as well as through the 

 Canadian forest area to the Atlantic, they 

 were supposed to be caused by birds of 

 enormous size, which produced thunder 



