BULL. 30] 



TOBAGAN TOCAX 



769 



bags of deerskin or birch bark, skins of 

 small aninial.'j, or baskets neatly woven of 

 roots and grasses. The bags were often 

 elaborately decorated by the women. 



Of the family Solanaceie few species 

 were used as narcotics. Cormts sericea 

 and C. stolomfera grow over the greater 

 part of North America and are used for 

 smoking nearly as extensively as Xico- 

 tiana. Matthews thinks that red willow 

 has l)een mistaken for these by several 

 authors. Kinnikinnick, an Algonquian 

 word signifying '(what is) mixed by 

 hand,' is used to designate a mixture of 

 tobacco with some other plant, either 

 for the purpose of imparting a more 

 pleasant odor or to reduce its strength, 

 as the trade tobacco alone is commonly 

 too strong to suit the fancy of the Indian. 

 Among the western tribes tobacco was 

 ordinarily used by mixing with it gum, 

 sumac, and bearberry, the bark, leaves, 

 and roots of two kinds of willow, manza- 

 nita leaves, Jamestown weed, touchwood, 

 dogwood bark, arrowwood, and a variety 

 of other woods, barks, leaves, twigs, and 

 even insects. The plant was commonly 

 used throughout Europe as an antidote 

 against the plague and otherdiseases. Its 

 cultivation, to the exclusion of other veg- 

 etal products, brought the colonies of Vir- 

 ginia and Maryland on more than one 

 occasion to the verge of starvation. Sta- 

 tistics show that in 1908 the product of 

 tobacco in the United States amounted to 

 718,061,380 pounds. The value of manu- 

 factured tobacco for the vear 1900 was 

 $283,076,546. 



Consult Bragge, Bibliotheca Nicotiana, 

 1880; Neander, Tobaccologia, 1644; Fair- 

 holt, Tobacco, its History and Associa- 

 tions, 1859; Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge 

 Tales, 1892; Jacobstein, Tobacco Indus- 

 try in U. S., 1907; Monardes, Hist. Me- 

 dicinal, 1574; Nadaillac, Les Pipes et le 

 Tabac (Materiaux pour I'Histoire Primi- 

 tive del' Homme, 1885); Curtis, Am. Ind., 

 i-v, 1907-09; McGuirein Rep. Nat. Mus., 

 1897. See Pipes, Smoking. (j. d. m.) 



Tobagan. See Toboggan. 



Tobhipangge (To B' hi-pdng-ge) . A 

 former Tewa village 8 m. n. e. of the 

 present Nambe pueblo, N. Mex. The 

 Namlie peoi)le assert that it was reared, 

 occupied, and abandoned by their ances- 

 tors prior to the Spanish advent in the 

 16th century. — Bandelier in Arch. Inst. 

 Papers, iv, 84, 1892. 



Tobique. A band of Malecite living on 

 a reserve consisting of 14,800 acres of for- 

 est and farming lands at the junction of 

 Tobique and St John rs., Victoria co., 

 New Brunswick. They numbered 157 in 

 1910, and are Roman Catholics. They 

 gain a livelihood by hunting, by serving 

 as guides and Inm.hermen, and as labor- 

 ers for the residents of Perth and And- 



over; they also sell their native wares, 

 such as snowshoes, axe-handles, baskets, 

 and barrel-staves, and farm to some ex- 

 tent. 



Tobic— Vetromile, Abnakis, 122, 1866. Tobique.— 

 Shea, Cath. Miss., 157, 1855. 



Toboggan. A sort of sledge in use 

 among the Algonquian Indians of n. e. 

 North America, and adopted from them, 

 with the name, by the wliites. The to- 

 boggan is made of thin, narrow boards, 

 10 or 12 ft long, bent over and lashed at 

 the end and covered with rawhide. 

 Those intended to be drawn by dogs are 

 much larger than those now used for 

 sliding down hills in sport. The word, 

 which has been spelled in English in a 

 variety of ways, as inrbogan, tohogan, and 

 toboggan, which is the usual form in Eng- 

 lish Canada, came into the language 

 from Canadian French, in which the word 

 is old, occurring as iabaganne. in Leclercq 

 (Nouv. Rel. de la Gaspesie, 70, 1691). 

 In French Canadian the word appears in 

 divers forms, as tabagane, tabogine, toba- 

 gan, tobogan, etc., some of them influ- 

 enced by English spellings. According 

 to Gerard (inf'n, 1908) "the word is 

 from Abnaki ttddbd'gdn, meaning ' (what 

 is) used for dragging,' from uddbd''ge, 'he 

 uses for dragging,' from udd^be, 'he 

 drags, or hauls, with a cord.' The name 

 was that of an Indian drag made of the 

 skin of a deer. A sleigh or drag made of 

 wood or branches was designated as 

 addbdudsk, a name which, after the intro- 

 duction of Avheeled vehicles, was applied 

 to a wagon or a carriage." See Sleds. 



A prol)able variant of toboggan is Tom 

 Puug, which has been also reduced to 

 piuujiq. v). Theadoptionoftheuseofthe 

 toboggan by the whites of parts of Canada 

 and the United States as a winter sport 

 has given rise to derivative words, as the 

 verb toboggan, tobogganer, tobogganist. A 

 sport known as "water tobogganing" was 

 introduced by PaulBoynton. (a. f. c.) 



Toby. See Trm('»(a. 



Tocane. A Chumashan village between 

 Goletaand Pt Concepcion, Cal., in 1542. 

 Tocane.— Cabrillo, Narr. (1542), in Smith, Colec. 

 Doc. Fla., 183, 1857. Tolane.— Tavlor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Apr. 17, 1863. 



Tocas. A former tribe of n. e. Mexico 

 or s. Texas, probably Coahuiltecan, who 

 were gathered into mission San Buena- 

 ventura de las Cuatro Cienegas, in Coa- 

 huila. — Orozco y Berra, Geog^, 302, 1864. 



Tocaste. A village entered by De Soto 

 in 1539, shortly before reaching Cale 

 (Olagale), and probably about the upper 

 Withlacoochee r., s. from the present 

 Oca la, Fla. (j. m. ) 



Tocaste.— Gent], of Elvas (1557) in Bourne, De 

 .Soto Narr., i, 36, 1904, Ranjel {ca. 1546), ibid., Ii, 

 65, 1904. 



Tocax. A place, apparently in the 

 Clierokee country, visited by Juan Pardo 

 in 1566. It may possibly have some con- 



3456— Bull. .30, pt 2— 07 



-49 



